Unpacking the complexity of environmental regulatory governance in a globalizing world: a critical review for research agenda setting

Figures & data

Figure 1. Complexity in environmental regulatory governance: Conceptualization.

Table 1. Regulatory approaches and policy instruments.

Regulatory approach	Related instruments	Strengths	Weaknesses	Selective studies
Command-and-control/direct approach	Technology mandates; Performance standards	High effectiveness	Economic inefficiency; high imposing and monitoring costs	Liu et al. (2015); Lo and Fryxell (2003)
Incentive-based/Market-based approach	Marketable pollution permits and allowances; Effluent taxes; Grants and subsidies	High flexibility; lower imposing costs	Mismatched incentives	Hahn and Stavins (1991); Tietenberg (1990)
Voluntary approach/Value co-creation	ISO 14001; 33/50 programme; Green Lights; Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)	High flexibility and organizational autonomy	Free-riding and shirking; excess entry	Gunningham (2009) Potoski and Prakash (2004)

Table 2. Research methodology.

Research methodology	Analysis technique
Qualitative approach	Case study
	Survey study
	Interview
	Content analysis
Quantitative approach	Econometrics and modelling
	Cross-sectional/Longitudinal/Panel data analysis
	Meta-analysis
	Simulations
Integrated approach	Qualitative and quantitative approach integration

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