A view through the lens of policy formulation: the struggle to formulate Swedish moose policy

Figures & data

Table 1. Framework for analyzing policy formulation. (Mainly adapted from Schneider & Ingram, 1997).

Formulation elements	Definition	Questions asked to the material
Problems to solve	What needs to be changed.	What problems are identified? How are they addressed?
Goals	What needs to be achieved. Explanations/motivations for justification of policy.	What goals are expressed? How are goals derived and justified? Which ideas are important guiding principles in determining policy goals?
Target groups	Individuals, groups, or organizations targeted by the policy, who will be receivers of e.g. costs and benefits.	Who/which groups does the policy target, concerning tools and rules? How are they described? (E.g. positively/negatively/demands?)
Implementation	Actors who are a part of the formal governance structure and responsible for implementation of policy. Structures/relationships between actors and/or levels. Means for changing and/or steering behaviors as well as explanations/motivations.	Which actors are responsible for implementation? What are their assignments and responsibilities? What is their agency? What means/mechanisms are initiated to affect target groups or actors? How are efforts/solutions legitimized, derived or justified?

Table 2. Selected policy documents for analysis.

Title of document (English, reference code in brackets)	Context and relevance	Origin
Directive 2008:63 (JO 2008:03)	The initiating document stipulating the official problem and appointing a committee of inquiry.	Government
Final inquiry report (SOU 2009:54)	The final report from the investigation initiated by the directive. Conducted between 2008 and 2009.	Investigator
Compilation of referral responses (JO 2009/1932)	Document compiling all responses to the inquiry report 2009:54, from stakeholders and other actors.	Ministry of Agriculture^a
Memorandum (JO 2010/1120)	Memorandum outlining proposal on law text, submitted to the Council on Legislation and sent out for response.	Ministry of Agriculture
Compilation of referral responses (JO 2010/1120)	Document compiling all responses to memorandum JO 2010/1120, from stakeholders and other actors.	Ministry of Agriculture
Statement of opinion ‘Älgförvaltningen’, 2010-06-10	Document outlining the opinions of the Council on Legislation regarding law text in memorandum 2010/1120.	Council on Legislation
Government Bill 2009/10:239	The bill stipulating proposals for moose governance and management in Sweden.	Government
Parliamentary Committee Report (2010/11 MJU6)	Output of parliamentary committee deliberation.	Committee of Environment and Agriculture (Parliament)
Motion 2010/11 MJ2	Motion from representatives of the Social Democratic Party concerning the bill.	Matilda Ernkrans (S), et al.
Motion 2010/11 MJ395	Motion from representatives of the Moderate Party concerning the bill.	Krister Hammarberg (M), et al.
Minutes 2010/11:25	Meeting minutes from parliamentary debate. There was no debate concerning moose management.	Parliament
The Swedish Hunting Act 1987:259	Framework legislation regulating hunting and management of moose. Main legislative document.	Parliament
Hunting Ordinance 1987:905	As above, but with subordinate bylaws for further clarifications of legislation.	Government

^a Now: Ministry of Enterprise and Innovation.

Schneider, A. L., & Ingram, H. M. (1997). Policy design for democracy. University Press of Kansas.

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Hunting Act. (1987). Jaktlag. SFS 1987:259.

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