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Notes
1. Pope John Paul II argued that the Marxist conception of alienation is inadequate and erroneous (1991, § 41ff). He also claims that market-based economic structures have a greater tendency to prevail over the alienation Marxists perceive, as well as the poverty and inefficiency of non-market based economies.
2. Reverend Robert A. Sirico maintains “technological advance, like economic progress, contains no inherent moral logic to guide it. To serve the betterment of human life, objective moral norms must serve as guideposts. This is why all social development must take place within a culture that defends human life–the only possible reason for either scientific or economic progress” (1997, 15).
3. According to the Vatican's Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, “The Christian vision of creation makes a positive judgment on the acceptability of human intervention in nature, which also includes other living beings, and at the same time makes a strong appeal for responsibility. In effect, nature is not a sacred or divine reality that man must leave alone. Rather, it is a gift offered by the Creator to the human community, entrusted to the intelligence and moral responsibility of men and women. For this reason the human person does not commit an illicit act when, out of respect for the order, beauty and usefulness of individual living beings and their function in the ecosystem, he intervenes by modifying some of their characteristics or properties. Human interventions that damage living beings or the natural environment deserve condemnation, while those that improve them are praiseworthy. The acceptability of the use of biological and biogenetic techniques is only one part of the ethical problem: as with every human behavior, it is also necessary to evaluate accurately the benefits as well as the possible consequences in terms of risks. In the realm of technological-scientific interventions that have forceful and widespread impact on living organisms, with the possibility of significant long-term repercussions, it is unacceptable to act lightly or irresponsibly” (2005, 207).
4. The centrality of human dignity in bioethics has been advocated by Leon CitationKass (2002) and the Kass-led President's Council on CitationBioethics (2003), and such religious institutions as the Catholic Church (Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith 1987).