PCBs AND TCDD, Alone And In Mixtures, Modulate Marine Mammal But Not B6C3F1 Mouse Leukocyte Phagocytosis

Abstract

Increasing evidence has supported the general hypothesis that organochlorines (OC) can produce immunotoxic effects in marine mammals. One important innate defense mechanism is phagocytosis, the ability of cells to ingest extracellular macromolecules. The present study is aimed at characterizing the immunomodulatory potential of mixtures of OCs on phagocytosis compared to that of individual compounds in different species of marine mammals and mice, the traditional model to study mammalian immunotoxicity. The ability of peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes to engulf fluorescent microspheres was evaluated using flow cytometry. The immunomodulatory effects of three non-coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, 138, 153, 180, one coplanar PCB, 169, as well as 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and all possible mixtures (26) were tested upon in vitro exposure. All species were not equally sensitive to the adverse effects of OCs on either neutrophils or monocytes phagocytosis. With the exception of harbor seals, all mixtures that significantly modulated neutrophil or monocyte phagocytosis contained at least one non-coplanar PCB. Regression analysis revealed that the non-coplanar congeners, more than the coplanar congeners, explained the variability in phagocytosis. Dendrograms revealed that phylogeny could not predict immunotoxicity. The currently used toxic equivalency (TEQ) approach and the traditional mouse model both failed to predict experimentally induced immunomodulatory effects in marine mammals tested, leading us to question the reliability of both TEQs and mouse model in risk assessment of OC mixtures. Testing the relative sensitivity to immunomodulatory effects of contaminants and contaminant mixtures between different species of marine mammals may have important implications for risk assessment as well as conservation and management strategies.

We would like to thank the Mystic Aquarium, Sea World, the California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, and the Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada for providing blood samples. Funding for this work was provided by the NCER/STAR program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, with initial funding from the University of Connecticut Research Foundation. Although the research described in this article has been funded wholly or in part by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through grant R-82836101-0 to Sylvain De Guise, it has not been subjected to the agency’s required peer and policy review and therefore does not necessarily reflect the views of the agency, and no official endorsement should be inferred.

Notes

We would like to thank the Mystic Aquarium, Sea World, the California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, and the Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada for providing blood samples. Funding for this work was provided by the NCER/STAR program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, with initial funding from the University of Connecticut Research Foundation. Although the research described in this article has been funded wholly or in part by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through grant R-82836101-0 to Sylvain De Guise, it has not been subjected to the agency’s required peer and policy review and therefore does not necessarily reflect the views of the agency, and no official endorsement should be inferred.