Natural Mixtures of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) Increase Weight Gain, Advance Puberty, and Induce Changes in Gene Expression Associated with Steroid Hormones and Obesity in Female Zebrafish

Abstract

In the present study, developmental and reproductive effects of lifelong exposure to environmental relevant concentrations of two natural mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POP) were investigated using classical and molecular methods in a controlled zebrafish model. The mixtures used were extracted from burbot ( Lota lota ) liver originating from freshwater systems in Norway: one mixture with high levels and one mixture with background levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane metabolites (DDT). The concentration of POP measured in the zebrafish ranged from levels detected in wild fish from Lake Mjøsa to concentrations reported in human and wildlife populations, indicating that the experimental fish were exposed to concentrations comparable with wild fish. Phenotypic effects observed in both exposure groups included earlier onset of puberty, increased male/female sex ratio, and differences in body weight at 5 mo of age. Interestingly, genome-wide transcription profiling showed changes in regulation of genes involved in endocrine signaling and growth. The transcriptomics changes include key regulator genes for steroid hormone functions ( ncoa3 ), and growth (c/ebp, ncoa3 ). The effects observed in the experimental zebrafish model raise the question whether chemical pollution represents a risk to reproductive health of wild fish inhabitating the freshwater system.

We thank Nina Hårdnes, Elianne Egge, Tom Andersen, S. Jannicke Moe, Mona Aleksandersen, Kjetill S. Jakobsen, and Nils Chr. Stenseth for their technical assistance and support. This work was funded by grant 172017/V10 from the Norwegian Research Council.

Notes

Jan L. Lyche and Rasoul Nourizadeh-Lillabadi have contributed equally to the article.