Mentalization-Based Interventions for Children Aged 6-12 and Their Carers: A Narrative Systematic Review

Figures & data

Figure 1. PRISMA flow chart template adapted from Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 6(7): e1000097

Table 1. Search results grouped by intervention model description

Model	Related Search Items	Country/Countries	Target beneficiary child group(s)	Intervention Format	Outcomes
MBT-C	Rowny (2018)	Not specified	Children in foster care	Child Therapy (individual)	N
	Ramires et al. (2012)	Brazil	Children who have experienced maltreatment	Child Therapy (individual)	Y
	Sossin (2015)	USA	Children with ASD	Child Therapy (individual)	N
	Hoffman (2015)	USA	Children with externalizing behaviors	Child Therapy (individual)	N
	Zevalkink et al. (2012)	Netherlands	Children with “mental process disorders”	Child Therapy (individual)	N
	Clark (2014)	Not specified	Children with autism	Child Therapy (individual)	N
	Midgley, Ensink, et al., 2017; Midgley, Muller, et al., 2019	UK, US, the Netherlands, Sweden and Canada	Children referred to MH services	Child Therapy (individual)	N
	Halfon and Bulut (2017, 2019)	Turkey	Children with behavior problems	Child Therapy (individual)	N
	Perepletchikova and Goodman (2014)	USA	Children with severe emotional and behavioral problems	Child Therapy (individual)	N
	Bate and Malberg (2020)	USA	Children referred to MH services	Child Therapy (individual)	N
	Terradas et al. (2020)	Canada	Children referred to child psychiatry or youth protection services	Child Therapy (individual)	N
	V. Domon-Archambault et al. (2020)	Canada	Children referred to child psychiatry or youth protection services	Child Therapy (individual)	N
MBT-C (Group-Based)	Ingley-Cook and Dobel-Ober (2013)	UK	Looked-after or adopted children	Child Therapy (group)	Y
MBT for Families	Asen and Midgley (2019)	Not specified	Not specified	Family Therapy	N
	Fearon et al. (2006)	UK, USA	Not specified	Family Therapy	N
	Asen & Fonagy (2017)	UK	Families with issues with violence	Family Therapy	N
	Asen (2013)	UK	Families with challenging relationships	Family Therapy	N
	Asen and Fonagy (2012a, 2012b)	UK	Not specified	Family Therapy	N
	Midgley, Besser et al. (2017)	UK	Children in foster care with emotional and/or behavioral difficulties	Family Therapy	Y
	Muller et al. (2012)	Netherlands	Adopted children	Family Therapy	N
	Keaveny et al. (2012)	UK	Not specified	Family Therapy	Y
	Kelton-Locke (2016)	UK, Norway	Children with eating disorders	Family Therapy	N
	Midgley, Cirasola et al. (2019)	UK	Children in foster care with emotional and/or behavioral difficulties	Family Therapy	N
	Åkerman et al. (2020)	Sweden	Children in specialized foster care	Family Therapy	Y
MBT-PT/Parenting Together	Hertzmann et al. (2016, 2017)	UK	Children of parents in post-separation conflict	Parent/Carer Intervention	Y
The Resilience Programme/Thoughts in Mind	Valle et al. (2016)	Italy	Universal (schools)	Parent/Carer Intervention + Whole System Intervention (teachers)	Y
	Lundgaard (2012)	Denmark	Universal (schools)	Whole system intervention	N
	Lundgaard (2018)	Italy, Denmark, Greenland	Diadvantaged children, including those in residential care, or special provision schools, children with experience of trauma	Whole system intervention	N
Family Minds	Adkins et al. (2018), Bammens et al. (2015)	USA	Children in foster care	Parent/Carer Intervention	Y
Adopting Minds	Midgley et al. (2018)	UK	Children referred to post-adoption support	Family Therapy	Y
	Jaffrani et al. (2020)	UK	Children referred to post-adoption support	Family Therapy	N
Family Cycle	Stob et al. (2019)	USA	Children in families with complex trauma	Family Therapy	N
Reflective Fostering Programme	Midgley, Cirasola et al. (2019)	UK	Children in foster care	Parent/Carer Intervention (groups)	Y
	Redfern et al. (2018)	UK	Children in foster care	Parent/Carer Intervention (groups)	N
Peaceful Schools Project	Twemlow et al. (2009), Fonagy et al. (2009)	USA	Universal (schools)	Whole system intervention	Y
	Twemlow et al. (2011)	Jamaica	High violence schools	Whole system intervention	Y
	Twemlow et al. (2005)	USA	Schools with high incidence of bullying	Whole system intervention	N
Multi-Family Group Therapy (MFGT)	Mensah & Adreadi (2016)	UK	Children at “edge of care”	Family Therapy (multiple families)	N
Primary Years Project	Malberg et al. (2012)	UK	Children at risk of exclusion	Whole system intervention	Y
Relational Learning Framework	Kelly & Salmon (2014)	New Zealand	Children in foster care	Parent/Carer Intervention	N
School-Based Mental Health Collaboration (SBMHP)	N. Eppler-Wolff et al. (2019), (2020)	USA	Children in high poverty schools	Whole system intervention	N
Mentalization, Attachment and Trauma-informed Care (MAT)	Taylor (2012)	UK	Children in care	Whole system intervention (social care professionals)	N
Basic Trust Intervention	M. A. Zeegers et al. (2019)	Netherlands	Adopted children	Parent/Carer Intervention	Y
MBT with parents	Malberg (2015)	USA	Children in therapy	Parent/Carer Intervention	N
	Slade (2008)	USA	Children in therapy	Parent/Carer Intervention	N
The STORM model	Oestergaard Hagelquist (2018)	Denmark	Children with trauma-experience	Whole System Intervention	N
Video Intervention Therapy (VIT) for RF	Leyton et al. (2019)	Chile	Children in psychiatric inpatient settings	Parent/Carer Intervention	N
Reflective Parenting Programme	Pally and Robeck (2012)	USA	Children in outpatient settings	Parent/Carer Intervention (group)	N
Caring for Children Who Have Experienced Trauma	Konijn et al. (2020)	Netherlands	Children in foster care	Parent/Carer Intervention	Y
Cultivating Compassion ADHD Project	Conway et al. (2019)	Canada	Children with ADHD	Child Therapy (individual) + Parent/Carer Intervention	N
Connecting and Reflecting Experience (CARE)	Zayde et al. (2020)	USA	Children in high poverty communities	Parent/Carer Intervention	N
Mentalization-based training programme*	Vincent Domon-Archambault et al. (2019)	Canada	Children in residential homes	Parent/Carer Intervention	Y
Mentalization-based Parenting Group*	Jacobson et al. (2015)	Denmark	Children with ASD	Parent/Carer Intervention (group)	N
Mentalization-based Educational Programme*	Enav et al. (2019)	USA	Children with ASD	Parent/Carer Intervention	Y
Mind-Mindedness Targeting Parenting Group*	Downes et al. (2019)	UK	Adopted children	Parent/Carer Intervention	Y

* Intervention models with no specified name

Table 2. Summary of reported outcomes

Author/date	Target population	Study design	Sample size	Outcomes	Overall Quality Rating^a
Controlled Studies
Fonagy et al. (2009; Twemlow et al., 2009)	Whole schools	Cluster RCT	9 schools (3600 children)	Child peer experiences** Child aggression and victimization**	Good
Midgley et al. (2017, 2019)	Foster carers	Feasibility RCT	36	Child behavior/wellbeing* Feasibility for full RCT established	Good
Hertzmann et al. (2016)	High-conflict co-parents	Pilot RCT	30	Carer mentalizing (PDI-RF, PRFQ)^0 Carer expressed anger** Carer parental stress^0 Carer depression^0 Co-parenting^0 Child behavior/wellbeing*	Fair
Valle et al. (2016)	School teachers	Quasi-experimental	46	Child mentalizing (false belief understanding, Strange Stories, Reading the Mind in the Eyes, Mentalizing Task)*	Fair
Adkins et al. (2018)	Foster/adoptive carers	Quasi-experimental	102	Carer mentalizing (PRFQ, FMSS)** Carer parenting stress**	Poor
Enav et al. (2019)	Parents of ASD children	Quasi-experimental	68	Carer mentalizing (PDI-RF)** Carer emotion regulation beliefs** Carer self-efficacy** Carer emotion regulation^0 Child behavior/wellbeing*	Poor
Bammens et al. (2015)	Foster/adoptive carers	Quasi-experimental	31	Carer mentalizing (FMSS-RF)*	Poor
Twemlow et al. (2011)	Whole schools	Quasi-experimental	2 schools	Child peer experiences** Child aggression and victimization** Child exam performance**	Poor
Uncontrolled Studies
Midgley et al. (2019)	Foster carers	Pre-post	28	Carer mentalizing (PRFQ, RFQ)^0 Carer self-efficacy^0 Carer parenting stress** Child behavior/wellbeing** Child emotion regulation*	Good
M. A. Zeegers et al. (2019)	Foster/adoptive carers	Pre-post	53	Carer mentalizing (mind-mindedness) * Carer sensitivity* Carer parenting Stress** Child attachment** Child behavior/wellbeing**	Good
Åkerman et al. (2020)	Foster children and carers	Pre-post	105	Child behavior/wellbeing*	Good
Konijn et al. (2020)	Foster carers	Pre-post	48	Carer mentalizing (mind-mindedness)* Carer parenting stress^0 Child behavior/wellbeing* Satisfaction with training	Good
Halfon et al. (2019)	Children with behavioral problems	Pre-post	48	Child behavior/wellbeing**	Fair
Malberg et al. (2012)	Children at risk of exclusion	Pre-post	44	Child behavior/wellbeing* Positive qualitative reports of child functioning	Poor
Midgley et al. (2018)	Adoptive parents	Pre-post	59	Carer self-efficacy** Child behavior/wellbeing**	Poor
Keaveny et al. (2012)	Families	Pre-post	30	Child behavior/wellbeing*	Poor
Vincent Domon-Archambault et al. (2019)	Carers in residential care homes	Pre-post	9	Carer mentalizing (PDI-RF)^0 Child behavior/wellbeing*	Poor
Other
Ingley-Cook et al. (2013)	Looked-after and adopted children	Qualitative evaluation	11	Young people reported positive experience of intervention	N/A
Downes et al. (2019)	Adoptive parents	Post-intervention survey	10	Increased understanding of the child, high levels of satisfaction with the intervention.	N/A
Ramires et al. (2012)	Maltreated Children	Single case study	1	Depression scores improved	N/A

^aQuality rating made using the NIH Quality Assessment Tools for controlled intervention studies and before–after studies with no control group

** statistically significant improvements following intervention

* borderline significant pre- to post-intervention effects or mixed results

⁰no statistically significant improvements following intervention

Rowny, K. L. (2018). Developmentally-Anchored Considerations for Youth with a History of Foster Care: A Clinical Resource Guide Clarifying Key Elements of Mentalization and Mentalization-Based Treatment. (Doctoral dissertation, The Wright Institute). https://search.proquest.com/openview/b342ec2884e4f94ac90bdf292e3f1532/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

 Google Scholar

Ramires, V. R. R., Schwan, S., & Midgley, N. (2012). Mentalization-based therapy with maltreated children living in shelters in southern Brazil: A single case study. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 26(4), 308–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/02668734.2012.730546

 Google Scholar

Sossin, K. M. (2015). A movement-informed mentalization lens applied to psychodynamic psychotherapy of children and adolescents with high functioning autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 14(3), 294–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2015.1066630

 Google Scholar

Hoffman, L. (2015). Mentalization, emotion regulation, countertransference. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 14(3), 258–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2015.1064258

 Google Scholar

Zevalkink, J., Verheugt-Pleiter, A., & Fonagy, P. (2012). Mentalization-informed child psychoanalytic psychotherapy. In A. W. Bateman & P. Fonagy (Eds.), Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice (p. 129–158). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc..

 Google Scholar

Clark, J. (2014). Integrating ABA with developmental models: MERIT. In K. Siri, T. Lyons, & T. Arranga (Eds.), Cutting edge therapies for autism (4th ed., pp. 361–368). Skyhorse Publishing.

 Google Scholar

Midgley, N., Ensink, K., Lindqvist, K., Malberg, N., & Muller, N. (2017). Mentalization-based treatment for children: A time-limited approach. American Psychological Association.

 Google Scholar

Midgley, N., Muller, N., Malberg, N., Lindqvist, K., & Ensink, K. (2019). Specific applications: Children. In A. Bateman & P. Fonagy (Eds.), Handbook of mentalization in mental health practice (2nd ed., pp. 247–264). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.

 Google Scholar

Halfon, S., & Bulut, P. (2017). Mentalization and the growth of symbolic play and affect regulation in psychodynamic therapy for children with behavioral problems. Psychotherapy Research, 29(5), 666–678. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2017.1393577

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Perepletchikova, F., & Goodman, G. (2014). Two approaches to treating preadolescent children with severe emotional and behavioral problems: Dialectical behavior therapy adapted for children and mentalization-based child therapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 24(4), 298–312. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038134

 Google Scholar

Bate, J., & Malberg, N. (2020). Containing the anxieties of children, parents and families from a distance during the coronavirus pandemic. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 50(4), 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-020-09466-4

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Terradas, M. M., Domon-Archambault, V., Senécal, I., Drieu, D., & Mikic, N. (2020). Mentalization-based interventions in child psychiatry and youth protection services I: Objectives, setting, general principles and strategies. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 19(3), 303–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2020.1799311

 Google Scholar

Domon-Archambault, V., Terradas, M. M., Drieu, D., & Mikic, N. (2020). Mentalization-based interventions in child psychiatry and youth protection services II: A model founded on the child’s prementalizing mode of psychic functioning. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 19(3), 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2020.1799476

 Google Scholar

Ingley-Cook, G., & Dobel-Ober, D. (2013). Innovations in practice: Group work with children who are in care or who are adopted: Lessons learnt. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 18(4), 251–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2012.00683.x

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Asen, E., & Midgley, N. (2019). Mentalization-based approaches to working with families. In A. W. Bateman & P. Fonagy (Eds.), Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice (2nd ed., pp. 136–149). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.

 Google Scholar

Fearon, P., Target, M., Sargent, J., Williams, L. L., McGregor, J., Bleiberg, E., & Fonagy, P. (2006). Short-term mentalization and relational therapy (SMART): An integrative family therapy for children and adolescents. In J. G. Allen & P. Fonagy (Eds.), The handbook of mentalization-based treatment (pp. 201–222). John Wiley & Sons Inc. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/9780470712986.ch10

 Google Scholar

Asen, E., & Fonagy, P. (2017). Mentalizing Family Violence Part 1: Conceptual Framework. Family Process, 56(1), 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12261

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Asen, E. (2013). Migrating between self and others: Mentalisation-based therapy with families. In McGinley, E. & Varchevker, A. (Eds.), Enduring migration through the life cycle (pp. 133–148). Karnac Books. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=psyc10&NEWS=N&AN=2013-10844-007

 Google Scholar

Asen, E., & Fonagy, P. (2012a). Mentalization-based Therapeutic Interventions for Families. Journal of Family Therapy, 34(4), 347–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2011.00552.x

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Asen, E., & Fonagy, P. (2012b). Mentalization-based family therapy. In Bateman, A. W. & Fonagy, P. (Eds.), Handbook of Mentalizing in Mental Health Practice (pp. 107–128). American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=psyc9&NEWS=N&AN=2011-19854-005

 Google Scholar

Midgley, N., Besser, S. J., Dye, H., Fearon, P., Gale, T., Jefferies-Sewell, K., Irvine, K., Robinson, J., Wyatt, S., Wellsted, D., & Wood, S. (2017). The herts and minds study: Evaluating the effectiveness of Mentalization-Based Treatment (MBT) as an intervention for children in foster care with emotional and/or behavioural problems: A phase II, feasibility, randomised controlled trial. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 3(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-017-0127-x

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Muller, N., Gerits, L., & Siecker, I. (2012). Mentalization-based therapies with adopted children and their families. In N. Midgley & I. Vrouva (Eds.), Minding the child: Mentalization-based interventions with children, young people and their families (pp. 113–130). Taylor & Francis.

 Google Scholar

Keaveny, E., Midgley, N., Asen, E., Bevington, D., Fearon, P., Fonagy, P., … Wood, S. (2012). Minding the family mind The development and initial evaluation of mentalization-based treatment for families. In N. Midgley & I. Vrouva (Eds.), Minding the child: Mentalization-based interventions with children, young people and their families (pp. 98–112). TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD.

 Google Scholar

Kelton-Locke, S. (2016). Eating disorders, impaired mentalization, and attachment: implications for child and adolescent family treatment. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 15(4), 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2016.1257239

 Google Scholar

Midgley, N., Cirasola, A., Austerberry, C., Ranzato, E., West, G., Martin, P., Redfern, S., Cotmore, R., & Park, T. (2019). Supporting foster carers to meet the needs of looked after children: A feasibility and pilot evaluation of the Reflective Fostering Programme. Developmental Child Welfare, 1(1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/2516103218817550

 Google Scholar

Åkerman, A.-K. E., Holmqvist, R., Frostell, A., & Falkenström, F. (2020). Effects of mentalization-based interventions on mental health of youths in foster care. Child Care in Practice, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575279.2020.1812531

 Google Scholar

Hertzmann, L., Target, M., Hewison, D., Casey, P., Fearon, P., & Lassri, D. (2016). Mentalization-based therapy for parents in entrenched conflict: A random allocation feasibility study. Psychotherapy, 53(4, SI), 388–401. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000092

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hertzmann, L., Abse, S., Target, M., Glausius, K., Nyberg, V., & Lassri, D. (2017). Mentalisation-based therapy for parental conflict – parenting together; an intervention for parents in entrenched post-separation disputes. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 31(2), 195–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/02668734.2017.1320685

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Valle, A., Massaro, D., Castelli, I., Sangiuliano Intra, F., Lombardi, E., Bracaglia, E., & Marchetti, A. (2016). Promoting mentalizing in pupils by acting on teachers: Preliminary Italian evidence of the “Thought in Mind” project. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01213

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Lundgard Bak, P. (2012). Thoughts in Mind: Promoting mentalizing communities for children. In Midgley, N. & Vrouva, I. (eds.). Minding the Child: Mentalization-Based Interventions with Children, Young People and Families. Routledge.

 Google Scholar

Lundgaard, P. B. (2018). Developing resilience in children and young people. Routledge.

 Google Scholar

Adkins, T., Luyten, P., & Fonagy, P. (2018). Development and preliminary evaluation of family minds: A mentalization-based psychoeducation program for foster parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(8), 2519–2532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1080-x

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Bammens, A. S., Adkins, T., & Badger, J. (2015). Psycho-educational intervention increases reflective functioning in foster and adoptive parents. Adoption & Fostering, 39(1), 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308575914565069

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Midgley, N., Alayza, A., Lawrence, H., & Bellew, R. (2018). Adopting minds a mentalization-based therapy for families in a post-adoption support service: Preliminary evaluation and service user experience. ADOPTION AND FOSTERING, 42(1), 22–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308575917747816

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Jaffrani, A. A., Sunley, T., & Midgley, N. (2020). The building of epistemic trust: An adoptive family’s experience of mentalization-based therapy. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 19(3), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2020.1768356

 Google Scholar

Stob, V., Slade, A., Brotnow, L., Adnopoz, J., & Woolston, J. (2019). The Family Cycle: An Activity to Enhance Parents’ Mentalization in Children’s Mental Health Treatment. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 18(2), 103–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2019.1591887

 Google Scholar

Redfern, S., Wood, S., Lassri, D., Cirasola, A., West, G., Austerberry, C., Luyten, P., Fonagy, P., & Midgley, N. (2018). The Reflective Fostering Programme: background and development of a new approach. Adoption and Fostering, 42(3), 234–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308575918790434

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Twemlow, S. W., Fonagy, P., & Sacco, F. C. (2009). A developmental approach to mentalizing communities: The Peaceful Schools experiment. A Mentalizalo Kozossegek Fejlodeslelektani Megkozelitese. A “Bekes Iskolak” Kiserlet., 18(4), 261–268. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=psyc6&NEWS=N&AN=2009-13338-003

 Google Scholar

Fonagy, P., Twemlow, S. W., Vernberg, E. M., Nelson, J. M., Dill, E. J., Little, T. D., & Sargent, J. A. (2009). A cluster randomized controlled trial of child-focused psychiatric consultation and a school systems-focused intervention to reduce aggression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(5), 607–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02025.x

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Twemlow, S. W., Fonagy, P., Sacco, F. C., Vernberg, E., & Malcom, J. M. (2011). Reducing violence and prejudice in a Jamaican all age school using attachment and mentalization theory. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 28(4), 497–511. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023610

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Twemlow, S. W., Fonagy, P., & Sacco, F. C. (2005). A developmental approach to mentalizing communities: I. A model for social change. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 69(4), 265–281. https://doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2005.69.4.265

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mensah, E., & Andreadi, H.-G. (2016). Multi-family group therapy. In Clinical Practice at the Edge of Care: Developments in Working with At-Risk Children and Their Families (pp. 175–196). Springer International Publishing.

 Google Scholar

Malberg, N. T. (2012). Thinking and feeling in the context of chronic illness A mentalization-based group intervention with adolescents. In N. Midgley, & I. Vrouva, (Eds.), Minding the child: mentalization-based interventions with children, young people and their families (pp. 147–162). Taylor & Francis Ltd.

 Google Scholar

Kelly, W., & Salmon, K. (2014). Helping foster parents understand the foster child’s perspective: A relational learning framework for foster care. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19(4), 535–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104514524067

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Eppler-Wolff, N., Martin, A., & Homayoonfar, S. (2019). The School-Based Mental Health Collaboration (SBMHC): A multi-level university-school partnership. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 18(1), 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2019.1573095

 Google Scholar

Eppler-Wolff, N., Albertson, J., Martin, S., & Infante, L. (2020). In the nest: Case studies from the school-based mental health collaboration. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 19(4), 371–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2020.1845075

 Google Scholar

Taylor, C. (2012). Empathic care for children with disorganised attachments:. A model for mentalizing, attachment and trauma-informed care (Jessica Ki). London.

 Google Scholar

Zeegers, M. A., Colonnesi, C., Noom, M. J., Polderman, N., & Stams, G. J. J. (2019). Remediating child attachment insecurity: Evaluating the basic trust intervention in adoptive families. Research on Social Work Practice, 30(7), 736–749. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1049731519863106

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Malberg, N. T. (2015). Activating mentalization in parents: An integrative framework. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 14(3), 232–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2015.1068002

 Google Scholar

Slade, A. (2008). Mentalization as a frame for working with parents in child psychotherapy. In E. L. Jurist, A. Slade, & S. Bergner (Eds.), Mind to Mind: Infant Research, Neuroscience, and Psychoanalysis (pp. 307–334). Other Press.

 Google Scholar

Oestergaard Hagelquist, J. (2018). The mentalization guidebook. Routledge.

 Google Scholar

Leyton, F., Olhaberry, M., Alvarado, R., Rojas, G., Dueñas, L. A., Downing, G., & Steele, H. (2019). Video feedback intervention to enhance parental reflective functioning in primary caregivers of inpatient psychiatric children: protocol for a randomized feasibility trial. Trials, 20(1), 268. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-019-3310-y

 Google Scholar

Pally, R., & Robeck, P. (2012). CRP direct services and training programmes. In M. H. Etezady & M. Davis (Eds.), The vulnerable child book series. Clinical perspectives on reflective parenting: Keeping the child’s mind in mind (pp. 31–58). Jason Aronson.

 Google Scholar

Konijn, C., Colonnesi, C., Kroneman, L., Liefferink, N., Lindauer, R. J. L., & Stams, G.-J.-J. M. (2020). `Caring for children who have experienced trauma’ - an evaluation of a training for foster parents. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1756563

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Conway, F., Lyon, S., Silber, M., & Donath, S. (2019). Cultivating compassion ADHD project: A mentalization informed psychodynamic psychotherapy approach. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 18(3), 212–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2019.1654271

 Google Scholar

Zayde, A., Prout, T. A., Kilbride, A., & Kufferath-Lin, T. (2020). The Connecting and Reflecting Experience (CARE): Theoretical foundation and development of mentalizing-focused parenting groups. Attachment and Human Development, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2020.1729213

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Domon-Archambault, V., Terradas, M. M., Drieu, D., De Fleurian, A., Achim, J., Poulain, S., & Jerrar-Oulidi, J. (2019). Mentalization-based training program for child care workers in residential settings. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 13, 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-019-00269-x

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Jacobsen, M. N., Ha, C., & Sharp, C. (2015). A mentalization-based treatment approach to caring for youth in foster care. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 14(4), 440–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2015.1093921

 Google Scholar

Enav, Y., Erhard-Weiss, D., Kopelman, M., Samson, A. C., Mehta, S., Gross, J. J., & Hardan, A. Y. (2019). A non randomized mentalization intervention for parents of children with autism. Autism Research, 12(7), 1077–1086. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2108

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Downes, C., Kieran, S., & Tiernan, B. (2019). “Now I Know I’m Not the Only one”: A group therapy approach for adoptive parents. Child Care in Practice, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575279.2019.1664992

 Google Scholar