Longitudinal links between identity and substance use in adolescence

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the sample (N = 360)

	Wave 1		Wave 2		Wave 3
	M (SD)/N (%)	Range	M (SD)/N (%)	Range	M (SD)/N (%)	Range
Age wave 1	13.7 (1.10)	11–18
Sex (female)*	176 (49.7%)	–
Educational level*
VMBO	33 (9.3%)	–
HAVO	152 (42.9%)	–
VWO	169 (47.8%)	–
Educational identity
Commitment	3.37 (.85)	1–5	3.29 (.85)	1–5	3.06 (.89)	1–5
In-depth exploration	2.74 (.81)	1–5	2.59 (.80)	1–4.8	2.34 (.85)	1–5
Reconsideration	2.00 (1.03)	1–5	1.87 (1.05)	1–5	1.96 (.99)	1–5
Relational identity
Commitment	3.69 (.95)	1–5	3.71 (.88)	1–5	3.61 (.91)	1–5
In-depth exploration	3.00 (.86)	1–5	3.08 (.84)	1–5	3.03 (.87)	1–5
Reconsideration	1.79 (.92)	1–5	1.56 (.83)	1–5	1.60 (.79)	1–4.3
Substance abstinence*
Alcohol	59 (70.2%)	–	60 (56.1%)	–	–	–
Marijuana	344 (97.2%)	–	274 (91.6%)	–	96 (93.2%)	–
Cigarettes	319 (89.9%)	–	257 (86.5 %)	–	155 (88.1%)	–
Energy drinks	211 (59.9%)	–	200 (63.3%)	–	119 (68.0%)	–

Note. The numbers in the table represent the raw data statistics, before imputation.*Percentage of those that filled out the item.

Table 2. Zero-order correlations between the predictor variables

	1.	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.	7.	8.	9.
1. Alcohol
2. Marijuana
T1	.37*
T2	.24*
T3	–
3. Cigarettes
T1	.28*	.35
T2	.24*	.34*
T3	–	.42*
4. Energy drinks
T1	.12	.07	.18*
T2	.26*	.04	.24*
T3	–	.03	.12
5. Educational commitment
T1	-.33*	-.21*	-.30*	-.11*
T2	-.06	-.16*	-.16*	-.07
T3	–	-.17	-.13	.04
6. Educational exploration
T1	-.23*	-.10	-.10	-.06	.26*
T2	-.07	-.10	-.04	-.01	.30*
T3	–	-.13	-.10	-.04	.28*
7. Educational reconsideration
T1	.06	.06	.05	.15*	-.32*	.04
T2	.06	.01	.12*	.24*	-.42*	.11*
T3	–	.08	-.04	-.08	-.45*	.14
8. Relational commitment
T1	-.33*	-.10	-.16*	-.01	.24*	.18*	.01
T2	.01	-.12*	-.14*	-.03	.26*	.18*	-.12*
T3	–	.12	.10	.14	.26*	.16*	-.29*
9. Relational exploration
T1	-.20	-.01	.01	.05	.04	.38*	.05	.45*
T2	.04	-.07	.01	.02	-.07	.33*	.10	.48*
T3	–	< -.01	.14	.04	-.10	.37*	.15*	.41*
10. Relational reconsideration
T1	.22*	.10	.19*	< .01	-.14*	-.08	.20*	-.24*	-.02
T2	.22*	.11*	.17*	.14*	-.06	.16*	.32*	-.38*	-.06
T3	–	-.08	-.10	-.03	-.02	.26*	.34*	-.32*	.10

Note. For each correlation, the estimates are presented for wave 1, wave 2, and wave 3.* correlation is significant at the.01 level.

Figure 1. Identity profiles in final solutions for educational identity (1a) and relational identity (1b).

Note. The scores in the figures represent deviation scores from the sample average.