Is Dissociation a Fundamental Component of ICD-11 Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Sample (N = 1,020).

	%	n
Sex
Female	51.0	520
Male	49.0	500
Age group (years)
18–24	12.3	125
25–34	20.2	206
35–44	23.5	240
45–54	19.1	195
55–64	14.1	144
65+	10.8	110
Birthplace
Ireland	70.3	717
Region of Ireland
Leinster	53.9	550
Munster	26.9	274
Connaught	13.5	138
Ulster	5.7	58
Highest Education
Did not complete secondary school	7.1	72
Completed secondary school	39.2	400
Undergraduate degree	36.9	376
Postgraduate degree	16.9	172
Employment status
Full-time employed	45.8	467
Part-time employed	17.8	182
Not in employment, seeking work	8.6	88
Not in employment, not seeking work	27.7	283

Figure 1. Latent Class Profiles of Complex PTSD and Dissociation.

Table 2. Latent Class Analysis Fit Statistics for Complex PTSD and Dissociation.

Classes	Log likelihood	AIC	BIC	ssaBIC	LMR-A (p)	Entropy
1	−6345.601	12723	12802	12751	–	–
2	−5188.598	10443	10605	10500	2294.52 (<.001)	.85
3	−4887.676	9875	10121	9962	596.78 (<.001)	.87
4	−4813.046	9760	10090	9877	148.00 (.003)	.84
5	−4753.976	9675	10089	9823	117.15 (.053)	.83
6	−4707.302	9616	10114	9793	92.56 (.063)	.83

AIC: Akaike Information Criterion, BIC: Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), ssaBIC: sample-size adjusted BIC, (LMR-A): Lo-Mendell-Rubin adjusted likelihood ratio test. Best fitting model in bold.

Table 3. Correlates of Class Membership.

	Class 2: PTSD	Class 3: CPTSD	Class 4: CPTSD+D
	AOR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
Sex (Females)	1.39 (.84, 2.30)	1.46 (.98, 2.18)	1.68 (.96, 2.95)
Age	.99 (.97, 1.01)	.96 (.95, .97)	.94 (.91, .96)
ACE1: Verbal abuse	1.72 (.83, 3.56)	1.35 (.71, 2.55)	2.83 (1.32, 6.06)
ACE2: Physical abuse	1.16 (.56, 2.41)	1.32 (.70, 2.51)	1.02 (.49, 2.11)
ACE3: Sexual abuse	1.69 (.82, 3.48)	1.74 (.95, 3.16)	1.83 (.90, 3.74)
ACE4: Emotional neglect	2.76 (1.39, 5.46)	5.09 (3.10, 8.36)	3.26 (1.68, 6.30)
ACE5: Physical neglect	1.42 (.47, 4.29)	1.42 (.61, 3.35)	2.34 (.99, 5.53)
ACE6: Divorce/separation	1.31 (.62, 2.79)	.90 (.50, 1.61)	.58 (.30, 1.13)
ACE7: Domestic violence	.81 (.27, 2.42)	1.20 (.55, 2.63)	1.65 (.71, 3.83)
ACE8: Alcohol/drugs	1.04 (.56, 1.91)	1.15 (.69, 1.92)	1.44 (.77, 2.70)
ACE9: Mental illness	2.11 (1.08, 4.12)	2.24 (1.32, 3.80)	3.74 (2.02, 6.94)
ACE10: Prison	1.68 (.51, 5.51)	1.94 (.73, 5.12)	1.88 (.61, 5.84)

Reference class for all analyses is Class 1 (the “Low” class); AOR (95% CI) = adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals.

Table 4. Tests of Mean Differences Across Latent Classes (N = 1,020).

	Depression	Anxiety	Psychosis	Somatization	WSAS	GP	MH	Rx	Hospital
C1: Low	2.85	1.97	.21	6.79	27.90	2.27	0.19	2.13	.81
C2: PTSD	5.96	5.55	.87	11.15	23.00	2.54	0.53	2.35	.74
C3: CPTSD	11.82	9.36	1.20	12.26	17.43	2.54	1.37	2.64	.74
C4: CPTSD+D	16.63	14.04	2.69	17.32	15.67	3.18	2.30	3.20	1.95
Overall χ^2	699.61***	735.31***	157.77***	336.09***	419.83***	12.83**	79.17***	15.84**	11.87**
Pairwise χ^2
C1 vs. C2	29.42***	45.96***	12.13***	44.62***	27.86***	1.14	3.38	0.61	.10
C1 vs. C3	341.32***	325.97***	49.69***	116.08***	293.31***	2.38	36.78***	5.20*	.22
C1 vs. C4	357.46***	390.93***	93.25***	238.31***	201.53***	11.27**	34.18***	12.54***	1.79**
C2 vs. C3	61.73***	32.41***	1.94	1.96	29.14***	.00	9.06**	0.68	.00
C2 vs. C4	144.01***	119.97***	34.19***	50.32***	40.98***	3.54	19.33***	4.92*	9.96**
C3 vs. C4	3.75***	41.09***	25.35***	39.71***	3.38	4.50*	4.93*	2.56	1.99**

statistical significance *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001; GP = General practitioner visits; MH = Mental health visits; Rx = number of prescriptions in the last year; overall Wald χ² tests have three degrees of freedom; pairwise χ² tests have one degree of freedom.