Toward healing-centered engagement to address mental well-being among young Bhutanese-Nepali Refugee women in the United States: Findings from the cultural leadership project

Figures & data

Figure 1. Theory of Change for Healing-Centered Cultural Leadership Project for Young Bhutanese-Nepali Women.

Note: Only variables in colored boxes were measured quantitatively in the study.

Table 1. Sample Characteristics (N = 36).

Variable	% (n)	M (SD)
Age		15.97 (2.91)
Length of stay in the United States
Up to 3 years	16.7 (6)
Up to 4 years	16.7 (6)
More than 5 years	13.9 (5)
Since I was born	52.7 (19)
Household
Live with family	94.3 (33)
Other	5.7 (2)
Education
High school or below	85.7 (30)
College	14.3 (5)
Language spoken at home
Nepali	47.2 (17)
English and Nepali	52.8 (19)
Parent’s employment
Both parents are employed	50.0 (18)
Both parents are unemployed	16.7 (6)
Only one parent employed	33.3 (12)

Note. Actual n varies based on missing values

Table 2. Paired Samples t-test Results (N = 36).

Measure	Pretest M (SD)	Posttest M (SD)	Paired Differences
			M	SD	Standard error mean	95% CI		t	df	p
						Lower	Upper
Acculturative stress	11.21 (7.44)	10.62 (8.60)	.59	6.76	1.25	−1.99	3.16	.47	28	.644
Anxiety	6.66 (4.35)	4.32 (3.47)	2.34	3.49	.60	1.12	3.56	3.91*	33	.000
Depression	4.64 (3.67)	3.68 (3.20)	.97	3.18	.54	−.14	2.08	1.78**	33	.084
Resilience	108.69 (17.78)	111.46 (16.71)	−2.77	12.08	2.37	−7.65	2.11	−1.17	25	.253

* p < 0.01, ** p < 0.1

Table 3. Effect Sizes for Measures.

Measures for effect	Effect size (d)
Acculturative stress	0.09
Anxiety	0.67**
Depression	0.31*
Resilience	0.23*

Note. *Small effect (0.2 − 0.49), **medium effect (0.5 − 0.79), ***large effect (> 0.8)

Table 4. Translation of qualitative themes (N = 36).

Extracted original codes	Categories	Overarching themes
Political empowerment; citizenship; political rights and advocacy; increased knowledge [politics]; citizenship rights; advocacy	Citizenship; political empowerment; rights	Theme 1. The role of citizenship in belonging
Community identity; cultural identity; self-exploration; increased knowledge of culture and community; pushing gender and cultural norms; awareness of community issues; desire to be mentor/role-model within community; increased knowledge about United States; learned to be more open-minded	Increased awareness of US culture and community’s culture; building cultural and personal identity; becoming active member of their community	Theme 2. Cultural exploration as a mechanism for healing
Positive experience; sense of community with group members; sense of encouragement from peers; increased belief in oneself; platform to speak up; more confidence in public speaking; social connection and support; life changing experience; felt they were a part of something; changes in perception of social environment; women’s empowerment and rights; self-discovery; self-confidence; empowerment	Empowerment; concrete skill building; intrapersonal skills; peer support; confidence; self-exploration	Theme 3. The genesis of empowerment: personal growth, peer engagement, and finding voice