Enabling students critical thinking dispositions in hospitality financial management

Figures & data

Table 1. Definitions of critical thinking and dispositions.

Author	Nature of Critical Thinking
Dewey (1997, p. 118)	“Active persistent and careful consideration of a belief or supposed form of knowledge in light of the grounds that support it, and the further conclusions to which it tends.”
Glaser (1942, p. 409)	“The methods of logical inquiry and reasoning.”
Flavell (1979, p. 906)	“Thinking about thinking.”
Ennis (1985, p. 45)	“Reflective and reasonable thinking that is focused on deciding what to believe or do.”
Lipman (1987, p. 39)	“Skillful, responsible thinking that facilitates good judgment because it 1) relies upon criteria, 2) is self-correcting, and 3) is sensitive to context.”
Facione (1990, p. 3) Paul and Binker (1990, p. 7) Bailin et al. (1999, p. 287) Paul and Elder (2001:2) Ivie (2001, p. 10) Scriven and Paul (2004, p. 74) Stanovich and Stanovich (2010, p. 227)	“Purposeful, self-regulatory judgment which results in interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and inference, as well as explanation of the evidential, conceptual, methodological, criteriological, or conceptual considerations upon which that judgment is based.” “Think about your thinking while you are thinking, in order to make your thinking better, more clear, more accurate, or more defensible; (it is thinking) for self-improvement through standards that assess thinking.” “Judging in a reflective way what to do or what to believe.” “The art of analyzing and evaluating thinking with a view to improving it.” “Establish clear and logical connections between beginning premises, relevant facts, and warranted conclusions.” “The mode of thinking in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully taking charge of the structures inherent in thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them.” “A propensity to override suboptimal responses from the autonomous mind.”

Table 1 represents several definitions of critical thinking, coined by different advocates of critical thinking.

Table 2. The authentic assessment project.

Designated task/activity	Description of learning outcome
Task 1 – Research Activity	Groups were in discussion on what meal they will prepare in keeping with a particular theme
Task 2 – Costing the Product	Groups were in discussion on what meal they will prepare in keeping with a particular theme
Task 3 – Capital Requirements	Identifying ways to raise capital
Task 4 – Purchasing and Record-keeping	Price considerations in the process of buying ingredients – recording and archiving source documents for audit trail
Task 5 – Marketing and Promoting the Item	Marketing and advertising – product awareness
Task 6 – Sale of Product Task 7 – Financial Statements Preparation Task 8- Preparing A Portfolio of Evidence	Marketing and advertising – product awareness Preparing a basic profit and loss statement Final reflections

Table 2 represents the goals and subtasks of the authentic assessment project

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