Recent Developments of Transmission System Interconnections and the Implementation of Power Generation with Respect to the Kyoto Protocol

The article reviews sustainable electrical energy production with wind and pumped storage, status of resynchronization of the two UCTE synchronous zones, and progress of the Mediterranean Ring and the interconnection with North Africa. It considers transmission system developments and interconnections, in addition to implementing technology in power generation in Europe with respect to the Kyoto Protocol. The final part of the article examines technical aspects for interconnecting the largest European power systems of UCTE, NORDEL, and IPS/UPS by back-to-back converters and synchronously.

Keywords:

• sustainable energy supply
• wind power
• pumped storage
• interconnected systems
• interconnection of UCTE zones
• Mediterranean Ring
• UCTE
• NORDEL and IPS/UPS interconnection
• grid system interconnection standards

Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to the Chair, IEEE PES International Practices for Energy Development and Power Generation Committee (T. J. Hammons) for organizing a Panel Session at the IEEE PES 04GM in Denver, USA and for developing a paper based on the Panel Session that was presented in June 2005 at PowerTec2005, St. Petersburg, Russia [19]. This work was subsequently updated and expanded on the recommendation of Powertech2005 to form this paper. They acknowledge contributions made by W. Leonhard and M. Grobe (Technical University Braunschweig, Germany), J. Feist (Co-convenor of the UCTE Executive Team for Reconnection of the 2nd UCTE Zone, CEPS, Czech Republic), B. Cova (CESI, Italy), Y. Kucherov (Head of Department of R&D Policy and International Cooperation, Federal Grid Company of the UES (FGC), Russia), L. A. Koscheev (Deputy Director General, NIIPT, Russia), and Yuri Tikhonove (Head of Division, VNIIE, Russia).

Notes

¹The re-synchronization process started on 10 October 2004. After a successful testing phase, from 1 November, market transactions across the former interphase were possible and had been gradually increased to full values until the end of 2004.

²See footnote no. 1 in Section 1.

³It is worth mentioning that the disconnection between Turkey and UCTE is to be considered an “extreme” contingency, taking into account that, for the envisaged scenarios, the two systems will be connected through three 400 kV lines: two of them between Bulgaria and Turkey and the last one between Turkey and Greece.

^a In presence of actions to be undertaken to preserve system integrity.

^b Automatic device of opening Egypt-Libya or action to be undertaken to preserve system integrity.

^c Limitation due to loss of synchronism in Tunisia.

^d Allowed maximum mutual aid.

^e Further increase of the Spain-Morocco interchange up to 1000 MW can be attained provided that widespread bilateral actions are undertaken in case of the whole interface outage in order to avoid reversing the interchanged power along the ring.