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Abstract
In today's electricity market, DC optimal power flow and AC optimal power flow have become the main models to simulate generation dispatch and calculate locational marginal price. Although DC optimal power flow has the advantage of robustness, its result is not accurate compared to AC optimal power flow due to the neglect of transmission network loss. In this article, an iterative DC optimal power flow model with explicit consideration of accurate AC network loss is proposed. A general Newton–Raphson method is applied in this method to calculate AC transmission network loss, and iteration is used to minimize the error of calculated loss. The fictitious bus load is utilized to represent the loss, which is divided equally on each line. The proposed model is compared with basic DC optimal power flow and AC optimal power flow models on the calculation of locational marginal prices using PJM 5-bus and IEEE 30-bus systems at various load levels. The results show that the proposed model obtains better approximation of AC optimal power flow model on the simulation of generation dispatch and calculation of locational marginal prices.
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Notes on contributors
Mingyu Ou
Mingyu Ou received his B.Eng. in electronic electrical and computer engineering from University of Birmingham in 2014. He is currently an M.Sc. student in electrical power systems at the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. His research is focused on electricity market.
Ying Xue
Ying Xue received his B.Eng. in electronic electrical and computer engineering from University of Birmingham in 2012, where he is currently working toward his Ph.D. in the Department of Electrical Engineering. His main research areas are high voltage direct current (HVDC) and electricity markets.
Xiao-Ping Zhang
Xiao-Ping Zhang is currently a professor in Electrical Power Systems at University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, and the Director of Smart Grid of Birmingham Energy Institute. Before joining University of Birmingham, he was an associate professor in the School of Engineering at the University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. From 1998 to 1999, he was visiting University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST). From 1999 to 2000, he was an Alexander-von-Humboldt Research Fellow with University of Dortmund, Germany. He worked at China State Grid Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) on energy management system/distribution management system (EMS/DMS) advanced application software research and development between 1993 and 1998. He is co-author of the monograph Flexible AC Transmission Systems: Modelling and Control (New York, NY: Springer, 2006 and 2012) and the book Restructured Electric Power Systems: Analysis of Electricity Markets with Equilibrium Models (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley/IEEE, 2010). He pioneered the concepts of the global power and energy internet, energy unions, and the U.K.'s energy valley. His research interests include smart grids, HVDC, flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), power system operation, control and protection, grid application of energy storage, energy market modeling, and management of distributed energy sources (including electric vehicles (EVs), photovoltaic (PVs), wind turbines, etc.) and systems.