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Abstract
Due to the development of distribution systems and an increase in electricity demand, and to overcome the shortcomings of distribution systems, such as high loss and low loadability, the use of distributed generations and flexible AC transmission systems devices, such as distributed static compensators, has been increased. The number, place, and capacity of these devices are significant factors affecting network loss reduction, influencing investment costs, and improving network performance. In this article, a new multi-objective function is proposed and optimized based on the genetic algorithm. The multi-objective function includes system loadability, and total costs include investment costs of distributed generations and distributed static compensators and network loss. The proposed method is applied to the IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus test systems. According to the simulation results, the total costs and system loadability have conflict with each other, and one can select each Pareto front point as an optimal point depending on the priority of system loadability or total cost.
Nomenclature
| CDG-inv | = | distributed generation investment cost ($/kW) |
| CDG-O&M | = | distributed generation operation and maintenance cost ($/kWh) |
| CDSTATCOM-inv | = | distributed static compensator investment cost ($/kVAR) |
| Closs | = | cost of losses ($/kWh) |
| i | = | index of bus number |
| I | = | branch current (p.u.) |
| IDSTATCOM | = | distributed static compensator current (p.u.) |
| OFcost | = | objective function of costs ($) |
| P | = | local active load of bus (p.u.) |
| P0 | = | nominal active load (kW) |
| Ploss | = | reactive power loss (kW) |
| Q | = | local reactive load of bus (p.u.) |
| Q0 | = | nominal reactive load (kVAR) |
| QDSTATCOM | = | distributed static compensator injected reactive power (p.u.) |
| Qmax | = | maximum distributed static compensator capacity (kVAR) |
| Qmin | = | minimum distributed static compensator capacity (kVAR) |
| R | = | branch resistance (p.u.) |
| SDG | = | distributed generation capacity (kVA) |
| Smax | = | maximum distributed generation capacity (kVA) |
| Smin | = | minimum distributed generation capacity (kVA) |
| U | = | bus voltage (p.u.) |
| U′ | = | bus voltage in presence of distributed static compensator (p.u.) |
| Umax | = | maximum acceptable voltage (p.u.) |
| Umin | = | minimum acceptable voltage (p.u.) |
| X | = | branch reactance (p.u.) |
| δ | = | angle of branch current (rad) |
| θ | = | angle of bus voltage (rad) |
| θ′ | = | angle of bus voltage in presence of distributed static compensator (rad) |
| λ0 | = | nominal system loadability |
| λmax | = | maximum loadability |
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Hossein Karami
Hossein Karami was born in 1988 in Iran. He received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the Electrical Engineering Department of AUT, Tehran, Iran, in 2010 and 2012, respectively. His B.Sc. thesis was about the feasibility of increasing the operating voltage of current transmission lines, and his M.Sc. thesis was on the detection and localization of partial discharge in a power transformer using simulations in CST software. Since 2012, he has been a Ph.D. student at AUT and working with Prof. G. B. Gharehpetian; his Ph.D. thesis is about the feasibility of a combination of partial discharge localization and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging of power transformer windings using electromagnetic antennas. His research interests include power transformer monitoring, partial discharge, short-term load forecasting, optimization algorithms and artificial intelligence, power quality, relays coordination, and smart homes.
Behrooz Zaker
Behrooz Zaker was born in Shiraz, Iran, in 1989. He received his B.Sc. from Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, and his M.Sc. from AUT, Tehran, Iran, in 2011 and 2013, respectively, where he is currently pursuing his Ph.D., all in electrical power engineering. His current research interests include system identification, power system dynamics, DG systems, and microgrids.
Behrooz Vahidi
Behrooz Vahidi received his B.S. in electrical engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran in 1980; his M.S. in electrical engineering from AUT, Tehran, Iran, in 1989; and his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), Manchester, UK, in 1997. From 1980 to 1986, he worked in the field of high voltage in industry as a chief engineer. Since 1989 he has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering at AUT, where he is now a professor. He has been selected by the Ministry of Higher Education of Iran and the Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IAEEE) as a distinguished researcher of Iran. He heads the Power System Group at AUT and has been head of the Power System Center of Excellence for 4 years. He is a senior member of the IEEE. He has authored and co-authored more than 400 papers and 6 books on high-voltage engineering and power systems. His main fields of research are high voltage, electrical insulation, power system transient, lightening protection, and pulse power technology.
Gevork Babamalek Gharehpetian
Gevork Babamalek Gharehpetianreceived his B.S. in 1987 from Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran; his M.S. in 1989 from AUT, Tehran, Iran; and his Ph.D. in 1996 from Tehran University, Tehran, Iran, all in in electrical engineering and with first class honors. As a Ph.D. student, he received scholarship from the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) from 1993 to 1996 and he was with the High Voltage Institute of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. He was an assistant professor at AUT from 1997 to 2003, an associate professor from 2004 to 2007, and a professor since 2007. He is a member of the power engineering group of AUT, which has been a Center of Excellence on Power Systems in Iran since 2001. He was selected by the Ministry of Higher Education as a distinguished professor of Iran and by the IAEEE as a distinguished researcher of Iran, being awarded the National Prize in 2008 and 2010, respectively. Based on the ISI Web of Science database (2005–2015), he is among world's top 1% elite scientists according to the Essential Science Indicators (ESI) ranking system. He is a senior and distinguished member of the IEEE and IAEEE, respectively, and a member of the central board of the IAEEE. Since 2004, he has been the editor-in-chief of the IAEEE's journal. He is the author of more than 1000 journal and conference papers. His teaching and research interests include smart grids, microgrids, FACTS and high voltage direct current (HVDC) systems, and monitoring of power transformers and their transients.