Evidence Base Update on the Assessment of Irritability, Anger, and Aggression in Youth

Figures & data

Figure 1. PRISMA flow diagram for present systematic review of measures of youth irritability, anger, and aggression.

Note: Adapted from PRISMA flow diagram template (Page et al., 2021; https://prisma-statement.org/)

Table 1. Rubric for evaluating norms, validity, and utility (Hunsley & Mash, 2008; extended by Youngstrom et al., 2017).

Criterion	Adequate	Good	Excellent
Norms	M and SD for total score (and subscores if relevant) from a large, relevant clinical sample	M and SD for total score (and subscores if relevant) from multiple large, relevant samples, at least one clinical and one nonclinical	Same as “good,” but must be from representative sample (i.e., random sampling, or matching to census data)
Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha, split half, etc.)	Most evidence shows alpha values of 0.70–0.79, based on median Cronbach’s alpha across relevant scales and samples	Most reported alphas 0.80–0.89, based on median Cronbach’s alpha across relevant scales and samples	Most reported alphas ≥ 0.90, based on median Cronbach’s alpha across relevant scales and samples
Inter-rater reliability^a	Most evidence shows kappas of 0.60–0.74, or intraclass correlations of 0.70–0.79	Most reported kappas of 0.75–0.84, ICCs of 0.80–0.89	Most kappas ≥ 0.85, or ICCs ≥ 0.90
Test – retest reliability (stability)	Most evidence shows test–retest correlations ≥ 0.70 over period of several days or weeks,  ≥ 0.50 over several months, or ≥ 0.30 over a year or longer	Most evidence shows test—retest correlations ≥ 0.70 over period of several months, or ≥ 0.40 over a year or longer	Most evidence shows test–retest correlations ≥ 0.70 over a year or longer
Repeatability^a	Bland–Altman (Bland & Altman, 1986) plots show small bias, and/or weak trends; coefficient of repeatability is tolerable compared to clinical benchmarks (Vaz et al., 2013)	Bland–Altman plots and corresponding regressions show no significant bias, and no significant trends; coefficient of repeatability is tolerable	Bland–Altman plots and corresponding regressions show no significant bias, and no significant trends; established for multiple studies; coefficient of repeatability is small enough that it is not clinically concerning
Content validity	Test developers clearly defined domain and ensured representation of entire set of facets	Same as “adequate,” plus all elements (items, instructions) evaluated by judges (experts or pilot participants)	Same as “good,” plus multiple groups of judges and quantitative ratings
Construct validity (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity)	Some independently replicated evidence of construct validity	Bulk of independently replicated evidence shows multiple aspects of construct validity	Same as “good,” plus evidence of incremental validity with respect to other clinical data
Discriminative validity^a	Statistically significant discrimination in multiple samples; AUCs < 0.6 under clinically realistic conditions (i.e., not comparing treatment seeking and healthy youth)	AUCs of 0.60 to < 0.75 under clinically realistic conditions	AUCs of 0.75 to 0.90 under clinically realistic conditions
Prescriptive validity^a	Statistically significant accuracy at identifying a diagnosis with a well-specified matching intervention, or statistically significant moderator of treatment	Same as “adequate,” with good kappa for diagnosis, or significant treatment moderation in more than one sample	Same as “good,” with good kappa for diagnosis in more than one sample, or moderate effect size for treatment moderation
Validity generalization	Some evidence supports use with either more than one specific demographic group or in more than one setting	Bulk of evidence supports use with either more than one specific demographic group or in multiple settings	Bulk of evidence supports use with either more than one specific demographic group AND in multiple settings
Treatment sensitivity	Some evidence of sensitivity to change over course of treatment, statistically significant improvement for treated group	Independent replications show evidence of sensitivity to change over course of treatment, requiring at least 2 studies	Same as “good,” plus sensitive to change across different types of treatments, requiring at least 3 studies
Clinical utility	After practical considerations (e.g., costs, respondent burden, ease of administration and scoring, availability of relevant benchmark scores, patient acceptability), assessment data are likely to be clinically actionable, must be intended for clinician use and have evidence from clinical samples	Same as “adequate,” plus published evidence that using the assessment data confers clinical benefit (e.g., better outcome, lower attrition, greater satisfaction), in areas important to stakeholders	Same as “good,“plus independent replication

Note: Table from De Los Reyes and Langer (2018); reprinted with permission. ^a Inter-rater reliability, repeatability, discriminative, and prescriptive validity were not evaluated in this manuscript for reasons noted in text. ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient; AUC = area under the curve. Italics = our elaborations made to existing criteria.

Table 2. Summary of measures included in review (N = 68).

Abbr.	Full Measure Name	Key Citation(s)	Items^a	Primary Focus^b	All Foci^b				Informant^c				See Table	Ages^d
					ir	an	ag	ex	p	s	t	c
ABC	Aberrant Behavior Checklist (2nd ed.)	Aman and Singh (2017)*	58	ir	ir			ex	p		t	c	3A	5-adult
ARI	Affective Reactivity Index	Stringaris et al. (2012)^#	7	ir	ir				p	s		c	3A	3-adult
EMO-I	Emotional Outburst Inventory	Carlson, Silver, et al. (2022)^#	9	ir	ir	an	ag		p			c	3A	4-18
MAP-DB	Multidimensional Assessment of Preschool Disruptive Behavior	Wakschlag et al. (2012)^#; 2014^#	78	ir	ir		ag		p				3A	2-8
RAQ	Rage Attacks Questionnaire	Budman et al. (2003)^#	22	ir	ir	an	ag		p	s			3A	6-17
ROARS	Rage Outbursts and Anger Rating Scale	Nadeau et al. (2016)^#	3	ir	ir	an	ag					c	3A	4-18
Rothbart	Rothbart Child/Adolescent Temperament Questionnaires (CBQ, TMCQ, EATQR)	Capaldi and Rothbart (1992)^#; Rothbart et al. (2001)^#; Simonds and Rothbart (2004)^~	36–195	ir	ir		ag		p	s	t		3A	3-15
AARS	Adolescent Anger Rating Scale	Burney (2001)*	41	an		an				s			3B	11-19
AESC	Anger Expression Scale for Children	Steele et al. (2009)^#	26	an		an				s			3B	7-18
AXS	Anger Expression Scale	Spielberger (1985)^+	20	an		an				s			3B	10-adult
BYI	Beck Youth Inventories–Anger & Disruptive Behavior (2nd ed.)	Beck et al. (2005)*	20&20	an		an	ex			s			3B	7-18
CAMS	Children’s Anger Management Scales	Zeman et al (2002^#; Zeman et al., 2010^#).	11	an		an				s			3B	4-15
ChIA	Children’s Inventory of Anger	Nelson and Finch (2000)*	39	an	ir	an	ag			s			3B	6-16
MAYSI	Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument (2nd ed.)	Grisso and Barnum (2006)*	52	an	ir	an				s			3B	12-17
MMPI	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Adolescent / 3rd ed.) / Cook-Medley Hostility	Ben-Porath and Tellegen (2020)*; Butcher et al. (1992)*	241-478	an	ir	an		ex		s			3B	14-adult
MSAI	Multidimensional School Anger Inventory	Smith et al. (1998)^#	12-36	an		an				s			3B	10-18
NAS-PI	Novaco Anger Scale & Provocation Inventory	Novaco (2003)*	60&25	an		an				s			3B	9-adult
PAES	Pediatric Anger Expression Scale	Jacobs et al. (1989)^#	10-15	an		an				s			3B	7-18
PROMIS	PROMIS Anger Measures	Irwin et al. (2012)^#; PROMIS (2016)	5-22	an		an			p	s			3B	5-adult
STAXI	State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (2^nd ed., Child / Adolescent)	Brunner and Spielberger (2009)*; Spielberger (1999)*	35-57	an		an				s			3B	9-adult
AQ	Aggression Questionnaire	Buss and Warren (2000)*	34	ag		an	ag			s			3C	9-adult
AS	Aggression Scale	Orpinas and Frankowski (2001)^#	11	ag		an	ag			s			3C	8-17
CHI/HI	Children’s Hostility Inventory / Buss-Durkee	Buss and Durkee (1957)^#; Kazdin et al. (1987)^#	34-75	ag	ir	an	ag		p	s			3C	6-adult
HCSBS/SSBS	Home and Community Social Behavior Scale / School Social Behavior Scale (2nd ed.)	Merrell (2002b)*; Merrell and Caldarella (2002)*	64	ag	ir		ag		p		t		3C	5-18
PAI-A	Personality Assessment Inventory(-Adolescent)	Morey (2007)*	264-344	ag	ir		ag	ex		s			3C	12-adult
AdolBC	Adolescent Behavior Checklist	Adams et al. (1997)^#	48	ex	ir			ex		s			3D	11-17
BASC	Behavior Assessment System for Children (3rd ed.)	Kamphaus and Reynolds (2015)*; Reynolds and Kamphaus (2015)*	5-175	ex		an	ag	ex	p	s	t		3D	2-adult
BBRS	Burks’ Behavior Rating Scales (2nd ed.)	Burks and Gruber (2006)*	100	ex		an	ag	ex	p		t		3D	4-18
NCBRF	Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form	Aman et al. (1996)^#	56-76	ex	ir			ex	p		t		3D	3-18
SCBE	Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation	LaFreniere and Dumas (1995)^#; LaFreniere & Dumas, 1996^#	30-80	ex		an	ag	ex	p		t		3D	3-11
CAS	Children’s Aggression Scale	Halperin and McKay (2008)*	23-33	ag			ag		p		t		4A	5-18
CBS	Child Behavior Scale	Ladd and Profilet (1996)^#	35-59	ag			ag				t		4A	4-13
C-PEQ	Cyber Peer Experiences Questionnaire	Landoll et al. (2015)^#	18	ag			ag			s			4A	13-19
CSBS	Children’s Social Behavior Scale	Crick (1996)^#; Crick and Grotpeter (1995)^#	6-27	ag			ag		p	s	t		4A	3-18
C-SHARP	Children’s Scale of Hostility and Aggression: Reactive/Proactive	Farmer and Aman (2009)^#	48	ag			ag		p				4A	1-21
DIAS	Direct and Indirect Aggression Scale	Björkqvist et al. (1992)^#	24-48	ag			ag		p	s	t		4A	4-18
ICS	Interpersonal Competence Scale	Cairns et al. (1995)^#	18	ag			ag		p	s	t		4A	6-18
Little	Little's Forms and Functions of Aggression	Little et al. (2003)^#	36	ag			ag		p	s	t		4A	3-16
MAVRIC	Measure of Aggression, Violence, and Rage in Children	Goodman et al. (2006)^#	19	ag			ag		p	s			4A	5-18
PBFS	Problem Behavior Frequency Scale	Farrell et al. (2016)^#	35-73	ag			ag			s	t		4A	10-18
PCS	Peer Conflict Scale	Marsee and Frick, (2007)^#; Marsee et al. (2011)^#	20-40	ag			ag		p	s	t		4A	9-19
PIPPS	Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale	Fantuzzo et al. (1995)^#	32-36	ag			ag		p		t		4A	5-8
PRA	Proactive-Reactive Aggression Scale	Dodge and Coie, 1987^#	6	ag			ag		p	s	t		4A	3-18
RBPC	Revised Behavior Problem Checklist	Quay and Peterson (1983)*	89	ag			ag		p		t		4A	5-18
R-MOAS	(Retrospective/Modified) Overt Aggression Scale	Coccaro (2020)^#; Kay et al. (1988); Sorgi et al. (1991)^#; Yudofsky et al. (1986)^#	16-20	ag			ag		p			c	4A	4-19
R-PEQ	(Revised) Peer Experiences Questionnaire	Prinstein et al. (2001)^#; Vernberg et al. (1999)	9-18	ag			ag			s			4A	11-19
RPQ	Reactive Proactive Aggression Questionnaire	Raine et al. (2006)^#	23	ag			ag		p	s	t		4A	7-16
R-TPRA/ABS	Revised Teacher Rating Scale for Proactive and Reactive Aggression/ Antisocial Behavior Scale	Brown et al. (1996)^#	16-28	ag			ag		p		t		4A	6-16
TODS	Tourette’s Disorder Scale	Shytle et al. (2003)^#	15	ag			ag		p			c	4A	6-17
WAI	Weinberger Adjustment Inventory	Weinberger (1994)*; Weinberger, (1997^#)	37-62	ag			ag			s			4A	10-20
ECBI/SESBI	Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory / Sutter-Eyberg Student Behavior Inventory	Eyberg and Pincus (1999)*	36-38	ex				ex	p		t		4B	2-16
HBRS	Human Behavior Rating Scale	Woods-Groves (2015)^#	30-94	ex				ex			t		4B	5-20
PIBS	Pediatric Inpatient Behavior Scale	Kronenberger (2022)*; Kronenberger et al. (1997)^#	25-47	ex				ex				c	4B	4-18
PSC	Pediatric Symptom Checklist	Jellinek and Murphy (1988)^#	17-35	ex				ex	p	s	t		4B	3-17
Rutter	Rutter Children’s/ Preschool Behaviour Questionnaire	Behar and Stringfield (1974)^#; Rutter (1967)^#	26-50	ex				ex	p		t		4B	3-6
SCL-90/BSI	Symptom Checklist-90, Revised / Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)	Derogatis (1993)*; Derogatis, 1994	53-90	ex				ex		s			4B	13-adult
SDQ	Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire	Goodman (1997)^#	35-30	ex				ex	p	s	t		4B	2-adult
SEBS	Student Externalizing Behavior Screener	Cook (2012)^#	7	ex				ex			t		4B	5-14
ASCA/ASPI	Adjustment Scales for Children and Adolescents / Preschool Intervention	Lutz et al. (2002)^#; McDermott (1993)^#	144-156	ex			ag	ex			t		4C	2-17
ASEBA	Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment	Achenbach and Rescorla (2001)*; Achenbach et al. (2017)*	18-116	ex			ag	ex	p	s	t		4C	1-adult
IAB	Interview for Antisocial Behavior	Kazdin and Esveldt-Dawson (1986)^#	30	ex			ag	ex	p				4C	2-15
interRAI	interRAI Child and Youth Mental Health	Stewart et al. (2015)*	5-400+	ex			ag	ex	p	s		c	4C	4-adult
Jesness	Jesness Inventory Scales Revised	Jesness (2003)*	160	ex			ag	ex		s			4C	8-adult
MHBQ	MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire	Armstrong et al. (2003); Essex et al. (2002)^#	105-173	ex			ag	ex	p	s	t		4C	9-18
PKBS	Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales	Merrell (2002a)*	76	ex			ag	ex	p		t		4C	3-6
SBS	Student Behavior Survey	Lachar et al. (2000)*	102	ex			ag	ex			t		4C	5-18
SSIS/SSRS	Social Skills Improvement / Rating System	Gresham and Elliott (2008)*; Gresham & Elliott, 2017*	46-58	ex			ag	ex	p	s	t		4C	3-18
TOCA	Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation	Koth et al. (2009)^#	21-54	ex			ag	ex	p		t		4C	5-11

Notes: ^a Item count is for the full measure, not limited to relevant scales. Where multiple versions (e.g., short and long forms, informant- or age-specific forms) are available, item count is reported as a range from shortest to longest version identified. ^b Focus represents our classification of the relevant scale(s) based on scale name, item content, and measure development. ^c Informant is coded based on the presence of any articles included in review using a given informant, even if not originally developed for that informant. ^d Ages are the prescribed age range if available; otherwise it is the age range in which the measure has been used in the reviewed articles. “Adult” = age 25 or higher. *Published assessment manual, ^#peer-reviewed journal article, ⁺chapter, ^~presentation (in order of priority for most appropriate citation). Abbreviations for focus and informant: ag = aggressive behavior, an = anger, ir = irritability, ex = general externalizing problems characterized by ag, an, and ir; p = parent-report, t = teacher, s = self-report, c = clinician. Other abbreviations not defined in table: Rothbart: CBQ = Children’s Behavior Questionnaire, TMCQ = Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire, EATQR = Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire Revised.

Table 3. Measures covering irritability and anger (N = 30).

Abbreviated Measure Name & Relevant Scale(s)		Psychometric Ratings								Overall Rating	Rating Totals (E/G/A/I)	Rating Score (0–24)
		Norms	Internal consistency	Test-retest reliability	Content validity	Construct validity	Validity generalization	Treatment sensitivity	Clinical utility
A. Irritability-Focused Measures
ABC	Irritability Hyperactivity/ Noncompliance	Good	Excellent	Good	Good	Good	Excellent	Excellent	Adequate	Excellent	3/4/1/0	18
ARI	Irritability Sx Impairment	Good	Good	Adequate	Good	Excellent	Excellent	Excellent	Adequate	Excellent	3/3/2/0	17
EMO-I	Outburst … Severity Frequency Duration	Adequate	Adequate	Insuffic	Adequate	Excellent	Adequate	Insuffic	Adequate	Adequate	1/0/5/2	8
MAP-DB	Temper Loss Noncompliance Ag Low Concern	Adequate	Excellent	Good	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	1/2/5/0	12
RAQ*	Rage Attack	Good	Insuffic	Insuffic	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	Insuffic	Adequate	Adequate	0/1/4/3	6
ROARS	Rage Frequency, Intensity, & Duration	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Excellent	Adequate	Good	1/2/5/0	12
Rothbart*	An/Frustration Ag	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Insuffic	Adequate	Adequate	0/1/6/1	8
B. Anger-Focused Measures
AARS	Total An Inst An Rea An An Control	Excellent	Good	Adequate	Excellent	Good	Good	Good	Adequate	Good	2/4/2/0	16
AESC	Trait An An Expression An In An Control	Good	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	Excellent	Good	Adequate	Good	1/4/3/0	14
AXS	An In An Out An Control An Expression	Good	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	0/3/5/0	11
BYI	An Disruptive Bx	Excellent	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	Good	Good	Adequate	Good	1/4/3/0	14
CAMS	An Coping An Dysreg An Inhibition	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	Good	Excellent	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	1/3/4/0	13
ChIA*	Frustration Phys Ag Peer Relations Authority Relations	Excellent	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Excellent	Adequate	Good	2/5/1/0	17
MAYSI	An-Irritable	Excellent	Good	Adequate	Good	Good	Good	Insuffic	Adequate	Good	1/4/2/1	13
MMPI*	An Explosive Bx Irritability Ag Conduct Px Antisocial Bx	Good	Adequate	Good	Good	Excellent	Good	Insuffic	Adequate	Good	1/4/2/1	13
MSAI	An Experience Hostility Destructive Expression Positive Coping	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	Good	Insuffic	Adequate	Adequate	0/2/5/1	9
NAS-PI	An Total Cognitive Arousal Bx An Regulation Provocation Total	Excellent	Good	Adequate	Good	Good	Good	Good	Adequate	Good	1/5/2/0	15
PAES	An Out An Control An Reflection An Suppression	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	Excellent	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	1/1/6/0	11
PROMIS	An	Good	Good	Adequate	Good	Good	Excellent	Excellent	Adequate	Good	2/5/1/0	16
STAXI*	State An Trait An An Express-Out An Express-In An Control	Excellent	Good	Adequate	Good	Good	Good	Excellent	Adequate	Good	2/4/2/0	16
C. Aggression Measures Covering Irritability and/or Anger
AQ	Phys Ag Verbal Ag An Hostility Indirect Ag	Excellent	Adequate	Good	Good	Good	Excellent	Good	Adequate	Good	2/4/2/0	16
AS	Phys/Verbal Ag An Total Ag	Adequate	Good	Good	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Good	0/4/4/0	12
CHI/HI*	Ag Hostility Assaultiveness Indirect Hostility Verbal Hostility Resentment Irritability	Good	Good	Insuffic	Adequate	Good	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	0/4/3/1	11
HCSBS/ SSBS*	Antisocial Bx Hostile/Irritable Antisocial/Ag Def/Disruptive	Excellent	Excellent	Adequate	Good	Good	Good	Good	Adequate	Good	2/4/2/0	16
PAI-A*	Irritability Antisocial Bx Ag Attitude Verbal Ag Phys Ag Affective Instability	Excellent	Good	Adequate	Excellent	Excellent	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	3/2/3/0	16
D. General Overt Externalizing Measures Covering Irritability and/or Anger
AdolBC	Conduct Px Emotional Lability	Good	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	Good	Insuffic	Adequate	Good	0/4/3/1	11
BASC*	Ag An Control Externalizing Px Bullying	Excellent	Excellent	Good	Good	Good	Excellent	Excellent	Adequate	Excellent	4/3/1/0	19
BBRS	Disruptive Bx Poor An Control Ag Tendencies Rebelliousness	Excellent	Good	Adequate	Good	Good	Adequate	Insuffic	Adequate	Good	1/3/3/1	12
NCBRF*	Disruptive Bx Opp Conduct Px Irritable	Good	Good	Insuffic	Good	Excellent	Good	Excellent	Adequate	Good	2/4/1/1	15
SCBE	Angry Ag Opp Externalizing	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	0/2/6/0	10
Totals	(E/G/A/I) Mdn Rating	11/13/6/0 Good	4/17/8/0 Good	0/8/18/4 Adequate	2/15/13/0 Good	5/20/5/0 Good	8/14/8/0 Good	8/7/7/8 Adequate	0/0/30/0 Adequate	3/18/9/0 Good	M (SD)	13.23 (3.21)

Note: Ag—aggression or aggressive, An = anger, Bx = behavior(s), Insuffic = insufficient evidence to rate, Inst = instrumental, Phys = physical, Pro = proactive, Px = problems, Rea = reactive, Rel = relational, Sx = symptoms. Opp = oppositional(ity). *Additional relevant subscales not listed here or varies across versions.

Table 4. Measures focused on aggression and general overt externalizing problems (N = 38).

Abbreviated Measure Name & Relevant Scale(s)		Psychometric Ratings								Overall Rating	Rating Totals (E/G/A/I)	Rating Score (0–24)
		Norms	Internal consistency	Testretest reliability	Content validity	Construct validity	Validity generalization	Treatment sensitivity	Clinical utility
A. Aggression-Focused Measures
CAS*	Verbal Ag Ag Against Objects/Animals Provoked Phys Ag Initiated Phys Ag Use of Weapons Total Ag Index	Good	Good	Adequate	Good	Good	Excellent	Excellent	Adequate	Good	2/4/2/0	16
CBS	Ag with Peers	Good	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Good	0/4/4/0	12
C-PEQ	Cyber Peer Ag	Good	Adequate	Insuffic	Good	Good	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	0/4/3/1	11
CSBS	Overt Ag Rel Ag	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Excellent	Adequate	Good	1/6/1/0	16
C-SHARP	Verbal Ag Phys Ag Covert Ag Hostility Bullying	Good	Good	Insuffic	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Insuffic	Adequate	Good	0/3/3/2	9
DIAS	Phys Ag Direct Verbal Ag Indirect Ag	Good	Good	Insuffic	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	Insuffic	Adequate	Adequate	0/2/4/2	8
ICS	Ag	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	Insuffic	Insuffic	Adequate	0/0/6/2	6
Little	Pure Overt Ag Rea Overt Ag Inst Overt Ag Pure Rel Ag Rea Rel Ag Inst Rel Ag	Good	Good	Insuffic	Adequate	Adequate	Good	Insuffic	Adequate	Adequate	0/3/3/2	9
MAVRIC	Total Ag	Adequate	Good	Insuffic	Adequate	Good	Excellent	Adequate	Adequate	Good	1/2/4/1	11
PBFS	Phys Ag Verbal Ag Rel Ag	Good	Good	Insuffic	Adequate	Good	Good	Good	Adequate	Good	0/5/2/1	12
PCS	Phys-Pro Ag Phys-Rea Ag Rel-Pro Ag Rel-Rea Ag	Good	Good	Insuffic	Good	Good	Excellent	Adequate	Adequate	Good	1/4/2/1	13
PIPPS	Play Disruption	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Good	Good	Good	Insuffic	Adequate	Good	0/4/3/1	11
PRA	Pro Ag Rea Ag	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Excellent	Insuffic	Adequate	Good	1/5/1/1	14
RBPC	Conduct Disorder Socialized Ag	Good	Excellent	Adequate	Good	Good	Excellent	Excellent	Adequate	Excellent	3/3/2/0	17
R-MOAS	Verbal Ag Property Ag Self Ag Phys Ag Total Score	Adequate	Adequate	Insuffic	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Adequate	0/2/5/1	9
R-PEQ	Overt Ag Rel Ag Reputational Ag	Adequate	Good	Insuffic	Good	Good	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	0/4/3/1	11
RPQ	Pro Ag Rea Ag	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	0/3/5/0	11
R-TPRA/ ABS	Rea Ag Pro Ag Covert Antisocial	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	0/6/2/0	14
TODS	Ag	Adequate	Excellent	Insuffic	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Excellent	Adequate	Good	2/1/4/1	12
WAI	Suppression of Ag	Adequate	Good	Good	Adequate	Good	Excellent	Excellent	Adequate	Good	2/3/3/0	15
B. Measures of General Overt Externalizing Problems
ECBI/ SESBI	Intensity Problem	Excellent	Excellent	Good	Adequate	Excellent	Excellent	Good	Adequate	Excellent	4/2/2/0	18
HBRS	Externalizing Affect	Adequate	Excellent	Insuffic	Adequate	Good	Good	Insuffic	Insuffic	Good	1/2/2/3	9
PIBS	Opp- Noncompliant Conduct Px	Good	Adequate	Insuffic	Good	Good	Adequate	Insuffic	Adequate	Adequate	0/3/3/2	9
PSC	Conduct	Excellent	Adequate	Adequate	Good	Good	Excellent	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	2/2/4/0	14
Rutter*	Conduct Px/Opp Ag Antisocial	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	0/7/1/0	15
SCL-90/ BSI	Hostility	Good	Good	Insuffic	Adequate	Good	Good	Good	Adequate	Good	0/5/2/1	12
SDQ	Conduct Px	Excellent	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	1/3/4/0	13
SEBS	Externalizing	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Good	Insuffic	Good	0/3/4/1	10
C. Measures of Overt Externalizing Problems that Cover Aggression
ASCA/ ASPI*	Ag Scales (vary) Opp	Excellent	Excellent	Adequate	Good	Good	Excellent	Adequate	Insuffic	Good	3/2/2/1	15
ASEBA	Ag Bx Externalizing Px Opp Def Px	Excellent	Good	Good	Good	Excellent	Excellent	Excellent	Adequate	Excellent	4/3/1/0	19
IAB	Arguing/Fighting Covert Antisocial	Adequate	Adequate	Insuffic	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Good	Adequate	Adequate	0/2/5/1	9
interRAI	Disruptive/Ag Bx Externalizing Pro Ag/ Externalizing Rea Ag/ Externalizing	Good	Good	Insuffic	Excellent	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Adequate	Good	1/3/3/1	12
Jesness	Manifest Ag Conduct Disorder Opp Def Disorder	Excellent	Good	Adequate	Good	Good	Good	Adequate	Adequate	Good	1/4/3/0	14
MHBQ	Externalizing Sx Opp Conduct Px Overt Hostility Rel Ag	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Excellent	Insuffic	Insuffic	Good	1/5/0/2	13
PKBS	Externalizing Px Self-Centered/ Explosive Antisocial/Ag	Excellent	Excellent	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Adequate	Good	2/5/1/0	17
SBS	Verbal Ag Phys Ag Bx Px Opp Def Px Conduct Px	Excellent	Good	Good	Good	Good	Excellent	Good	Adequate	Good	2/5/1/0	17
SSIS/ SSRS	Bullying Externalizing	Excellent	Good	Good	Good	Good	Good	Excellent	Adequate	Good	2/5/1/0	17
TOCA	Disruptive/Ag Bx	Adequate	Good	Good	Adequate	Good	Good	Good	Insuffic	Good	0/5/2/1	12
Totals	(E/G/A/I) Mdn Rating	9/17/12/0 Good	6/26/6/0 Good	0/12/11/15 Adequate	1/20/17/0 Good	2/32/4/0 Good	12/16/10/0 Good	7/10/12/9 Adequate	0/0/32/6 Adequate	3/28/7/0 Good	M (SD)	12.66 (3.10)

Note: Ag—aggression or aggressive, An = anger, Bx = behavior(s), Insuffic = insufficient evidence to rate, Inst = instrumental, Phys = physical, Pro = proactive, Px = problems, Rea = reactive, Rel = relational, Sx = symptoms. Opp = oppositional(ity). *Additional relevant subscales not listed here or varies across versions.

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Data Availability Statement

This is a review paper that has no data associated with it. The supplement provides detailed information (references, links) on all the sources consulted to inform this review.