Figure 1. Model of interaction between MDSCs and TICs. Elevated oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase-mTOR signaling in TICs leads to G-CSF release into the circulation. When reaching bone marrow, G-CSF induces formation of MDSCs. MDSCs suppress T-cell and NK cell responses against tumor and promote angiogenesis. They also directly interact with TICs and enhance stem cell properties via notch signaling.
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