Features of Pedestrian Behavior in Car-to-Pedestrian Contact Situations in Near-Miss Incidents in Japan

Figures & data

Table 1 Definition of vehicle TTC and pedestrian TTV

Fig. 1 Definition of distance Ld (color figure available online).

Table 2 Four pedestrian patterns observed using drive recorders (color figure available online)

Fig. 2 Average pedestrian TTV, lateral distance between a pedestrian and a car, and the pedestrian walking speed in 4 classified pedestrian patterns (color figure available online).

Fig. 3 Average vehicle TTC and pedestrian TTV in 4 classified pedestrian patterns (color figure available online).

Fig. 4 Average pedestrian TTV, lateral distance between a pedestrian and a car, and pedestrian walking speed on roads with or without a crosswalk (color figure available online).

Fig. 5 Average vehicle TTC and pedestrian TTV on roads with or without a crosswalk (color figure available online).

Table 3 Two classifications of the visibility of pedestrians observed using drive recorders (color figure available online)

Table 4 Comparison of parameters for different pedestrian visibilities

	Pedestrian TTV		Lateral distance between a pedestrian and a vehicle		Pedestrian walking velocity
Test variable	(1) Unobstructed	(2) From behind	(1) Unobstructed	(2) From behind	(1) Unobstructed	(2) From behind
Popping out pattern	view	an obstruct	view	an obstruct	view	an obstruct
Mean	1.79 s	1.05 s	3.2 m	2.0 m	1.84 m/s	2.14 m/s
Standard deviation	1.18 s	0.68 s	2.6 m	1.3 m	0.82 m/s	0.96 m/s
Number	55	46	55	46	55	46
P-value (t-test)	<.001^a		.006^a		.090^b
^aWelch's t-test.
^bStudent's t-test.

Table 5 Comparison of parameters for the cases of pedestrians using or not using a pedestrian crosswalk

Test variable	Pedestrian TTV		Lateral distance between a pedestrian and a vehicle		Pedestrian walking speed
Pedestrian	(1) On crosswalk	(2) Not on crosswalk	(1) On crosswalk	(2) Not on crosswalk	(1) On crosswalk	(2) Not on crosswalk
Mean	1.71 s	1.19 s	3.09 m	2.23 m	1.92 m/s	2.02 m/s
Standard deviation	1.24 s	0.74 s	2.55 m	1.61 m	0.78 m/s	1.00 m/s
Number	50	51	50	51	50	51
P-value (t-test)	.013^a		.047^a		.577^b
^aWelch's t-test.
^bStudent's t-test.

Table 6 Comparison of parameters for different pedestrian visibilities

	(1) Unobstructed view		(2) From behind an obstruct
Popping out pattern	Vehicle	Pedestrian	Vehicle	Pedestrian
Time	TTC	TTV	TTC	TTV
Mean	1.96 s	1.79 s	1.31 s	1.05 s
Standard deviation	1.53 s	1.18 s	0.65 s	0.68 s
Number	55	55	46	46
P-value (t-test)	.510^a		.058^a
^aStudent's t-test.

Table 7 Comparison of parameters for cases of pedestrians using and not using a pedestrian crosswalk

	(1) On crosswalk		(2) Not on crosswalk
Pedestrian	Vehicle	Pedestrian	Vehicle	Pedestrian
Time	TTC	TTV	TTC	TTV
Mean	1.91 s	1.71 s	1.43 s	1.19 s
Standard deviation	1.57 s	1.24 s	0.76 s	0.74 s
Number	50	50	51	51
P-value (t-test)	.495^a		.118^a
^aStudent's t-test.