Pleasure in using adaptive cruise control: A questionnaire study in The Netherlands

Figures & data

Table 1. Results regarding pleasure in different traffic conditions.^a

	M	SD
Q19. On roads in a built-up area	2.86	1.23
Q20. On provincial roads outside of built-up areas	4.04	1.02
Q21. On expressways	4.30	0.96
Q22. On highways	4.36	1.00
Q23. Little to no traffic—No interaction with other vehicles	4.51	0.85
Q24. Average traffic—Occasional interaction with other vehicles	4.29	0.89
Q25. A lot of traffic—(Almost) continuous interaction with other vehicles	3.34	1.25
Q26. Heavy traffic—Slowly driving traffic or congestion	3.21	1.50

^a 1 = Very unpleasant, 2 = unpleasant, 3 = neutral, 4 = pleasant, 5 = very pleasant. A header above Q23–Q26 stated that these questions applied to the highway.

Table 2. Results regarding safety with ACC on compared to ACC off.^a

	M	SD
Q27. If I have ACC turned on, driving costs me less effort	5.49	1.50
Q28. If I have ACC turned on, I have to pay less attention in traffic	3.05	1.69
Q29. If I have ACC turned on, I perform more activities while driving (calling, using a smartphone, etc.)	2.29	1.53
Q30. If I have ACC turned on, I have less risk of head–tail collisions	5.54	1.44
Q31. If I have ACC turned on, I less often end up in unsafe situations	4.86	1.50
Q32. If I have ACC turned on, I less often drive faster than the speed limit	5.09	1.81
Q33. If I have ACC turned on, I require more time to brake or to apply an additional steering action, if this is needed	2.91	1.59
Q34. I would rather have that ACC only gave a notification and/or auditory signal instead of actively intervening	2.20	1.45

^a1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = somewhat disagree, 4 = neutral, 5 = somewhat agree, 6 = agree, 7 = strongly agree.

Table 3. Results regarding the frequency of events that occur when driving with ACC.^a

	M	SD
Q35. You apply additional throttle in order to reduce a large gap with the vehicle in front because the ACC adopts a too large headway	2.92	1.38
Q36. A car cuts in between you and the vehicle in front and your car reacts by hard braking	3.35	1.34
Q37. You apply additional throttle to overtake another car because your car would otherwise brake in response to this car	3.60	1.43
Q38. In a sharp curve the ACC of your car loses sight of the car in front, so your car accelerates unexpectedly	2.59	1.37
Q39. ACC suddenly disengages when you did not expect this to happen	1.65	0.85
Q40. ACC suddenly brakes or accelerates when you did not expect this to happen	2.04	1.05

^a1 = Absolutely never, 2 = almost never, 3 = sometimes, 4 = neutral, 5 = often, 6 = almost always, 7 = always.

Table 4. Results regarding traffic flow–related behaviors with ACC on compared to ACC off.^a

	M	SD
Q41. If I have ACC turned on, I drive more uniformly (meaning that I have to brake or accelerate less often)	5.28	1.62
Q42. If I have ACC turned on, I keep a larger distance to the car in front	5.65	1.25
Q43. If I have ACC turned on, I change lanes on the highway less often	4.61	1.58
Q44. If I have ACC turned on, I drive in the right lane on the highway more often	4.03	1.65

^a1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = somewhat disagree, 4 = neutral, 5 = somewhat agree, 6 = agree, 7 = strongly agree.

Figure 1. Spearman's rank order correlation coefficients between component scores and driver/ACC parameters. Also shown are P values for the null hypothesis that the correlation is 0 in the population.