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Research Articles

Driver response and recovery following automation initiated disengagement in real-world hands-free driving

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Pages 356-361 | Received 20 Aug 2022, Accepted 08 Mar 2023, Published online: 29 Mar 2023

Figures & data

Figure 1. (a) Proportions of steering wheel control levels across time. Automation disengagement is at 0 sec and marked with a dashed line. (b) Proportion of hands-free driving across time, with the trend-stationary hands-on-wheel behavior periods (lag, response, and recovery) marked with horizontal lines.

Figure 1. (a) Proportions of steering wheel control levels across time. Automation disengagement is at 0 sec and marked with a dashed line. (b) Proportion of hands-free driving across time, with the trend-stationary hands-on-wheel behavior periods (lag, response, and recovery) marked with horizontal lines.

Figure 2. (a) Proportions of glances 10 sec before and 10 sec after automation-initiated disengagement across the different glance areas. Automation disengagement is at 0 sec and marked with a dashed line. (b) Proportion of glances to the road across time, with the trend-stationary glance behavior periods (lag, response, and recovery) marked with horizontal lines.

Figure 2. (a) Proportions of glances 10 sec before and 10 sec after automation-initiated disengagement across the different glance areas. Automation disengagement is at 0 sec and marked with a dashed line. (b) Proportion of glances to the road across time, with the trend-stationary glance behavior periods (lag, response, and recovery) marked with horizontal lines.

Figure 3. Transition matrices showing estimated transition probabilities (p’) and number of transitions (n) from (y-axis) and to (x-axis) glance areas, during the 10 sec before (a) and after (b) automation-initiated disengagement. Each cell in the transition matrix is color-coded and the color intensity correlates with the number of transitions.

Figure 3. Transition matrices showing estimated transition probabilities (p’) and number of transitions (n) from (y-axis) and to (x-axis) glance areas, during the 10 sec before (a) and after (b) automation-initiated disengagement. Each cell in the transition matrix is color-coded and the color intensity correlates with the number of transitions.
Supplemental material

Supplemental Material

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