A prospective study of nightmare disorder among Chinese adults in Hong Kong: Persistence and mental health outcomes

Figures & data

Table 1. Hierarchical multiple regression predicting outcomes at follow-up (N = 230).

	Self-rated mental health					Self-esteem					Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms^a
Variables	β	p	F	ΔR2	ΔF	β	p	F	ΔR2	ΔF	β	p	F	ΔR2	ΔF
Step 1			121.893***	.348	121.893***			198.340***	.465	198.340***			472.485***	.673	472.485***
Baseline scores	.590	.000				.682	.000				.820	.000
Step 2			65.883***	.019	6.782*			105.143***	.016	6.854**			244.993***	.009	6.403*
Baseline scores	.528	.000				.617	.000				.742	.000
Nightmare disorder symptoms	−.151	.010				−.141	.009				.122	.012

Notes. *p < .05 **p < .01 ***p < .001.

^aIn the regression analysis, the disturbing dream item (i.e., Item 2) of the PCL were removed.

Table 2. Association of nightmare disorder with probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mental health service usage.

Variables	Participants without baseline nightmare disorder (N = 191)	Participants with baseline nightmare disorder (N = 39)	χ^2 (df = 1)	p
Seen a psychiatrist in the past 12 months (reported at baseline)	24.6%	51.3%	11.163	.001
Probable PTSD (PCL-5 ≥ 49) (assessed at baseline)	18.3%	82.1%	63.710	<.001
Received medication treatments for emotional or psychological problems in the past 3 months (reported at follow-up)	20.9%	43.6%	8.911	.003
Received counseling or psychological treatments in the past 3 months (reported at follow-up)	22.5%	48.7%	11.295	.001
Probable PTSD (PCL-5 ≥ 49) (assessed at follow-up)	17.8%	69.2%	43.958	<.001

Notes. *p < .05 **p < .01 ***p < .001.

Data availability statement

Data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.