The Energy Intake That is Needed for Weight Gain in COPD Candidates for Lung Transplantation

Figures & data

Table 3 Characteristics of the underweight COPD patients in hospital and after outpatient intervention divided into those with a total weight gain of more than 2 kg and those with a total weight gain of 2 kg or less

After intervention	Total weight gain
Underweight patients	> 2 kg	≤2 kg
Infection during intervention, n (%)	5 (36)	7 (54)
CRP after intervention, mg/L^a	4.7 (2.0)^1	13.9 (13.3)^1
Energy intake, increase, at hospital, kJ^a	1714 (11395)^6	1073 (2497)^1
Energy intake/REE predicted, at hospital, %	192 (73)^6	171 (36)^1
Protein intake, at hospital, g/kg^a	1.9 (0.5)^6	1.8 (0.6)^1
Energy intake, increase, outpatients, kJ^a	3448 (1311)**	635 (2454)
Energy intake/REE predicted, outpatients, %	227 (50)**^1	169 (46)
Use of nutr. supplements, outpatients, n (%)	5 (36)^1	4 (31)
Protein intake, outpatients, g/kg^a	1.9 (0,4)	1.4 (0.5)
Weight change during hospitalisation, kg^a	1.3 (0.9)^1	0.5 (0.9)^2
Weight change, total, kg^a	4.6 (2.0)***	0.8 (0.9)
Fat-free mass change, total, kg^a	1.4 (1.1)***^2	−0.2 (0.7)^2
Fat mass change, total, kg^a	3.2 (2.2)**^2	0.9 (0.8)^2

Definition of abbreviations:REE predicted = resting energy expenditure predicted by Harris-Benedict equation; CRP = C-reactive protein.

^a1One,

²two,

⁴four,

⁵five or

⁶six missing values.

^aMean (SD),

*p < 0.05,

**p < 0.01,

^a***p ≤ 0.001.

Table 1 Dietary data after intervention

	Underweight		Normal-weight
Groups N	A 12	B 15	C 15
Energy intake/REE predicted, outpatients at baseline, %^a	164 (35)^1	150 (41)^1	142 (37)^1
Energy intake/REE predicted, inpatients, %^a	203 (30)^1	163 (60)^1	122 (15)^5
Energy intake/REE pred., outpatients, %^a	197 (46)^1	199 (63)	133 (26)^1
Energy intake, increase, outpatients, MJ^a	1.7 (2.0)^1	2.2 (2.7)	−0.5 (1.6)^1
Protein intake, outpatients, g/kg^a	1.7 (0.5)^1	1.7 (0.5)	1.1 (0.2)^1
Use of nutr. supplements, outpatients, n (%)	7 (58)^b	2 (13)^c	0
Weight change during hospitalisation, kg^a	1.3 (1.0)^1	0.6 (1.0)^1	−0.3 (0.8)
Responders, n (%)	6 (50)	8 (53)	—
Fat-free mass change, kg^a	0.3 (0.9)	0.9 (1.4)	0.0 (0.4)
Fat mass change, kg^a	2.7 (2.5)	1.6 (1.4)	0.6 (1.7)

Definition of abbreviations: REE predicted = resting energy expenditure predicted by Harris–Benedict equation.

^aMean (SD).

^bGroup A were offered ready-made liquid nutritional supplements free of charge.

^cGroup B were not offered nutritional supplements free of charge

¹One,

³three,

⁴four or

⁵five missing values. Changes of anthropometrical measurements and number of underweight patients who succeeded with a total weight gain after outpatient intervention over 2 kg (responders) in the original Groups A, B, and C. During hospitalisation Group A received energy rich diet and Group B and Group C received the regular hospital diet. In outpatients both Group A and Group B received individual dietary support to increase energy intake by ordinary foods.

Table 2 Characteristics at baseline for underweight COPD patients divided into those with a total weight gain of more than 2 kg and those with a total weight gain of 2 kg or less

	Total weight gain
Underweight patients	> 2 kg	≤kg
n (%)	14 (52)	13 (48)
Male/female	6/8	7/6
Age, years^a	50 (7)	50 (7)
Weight, kg^a	48.6 (8.1)	52.2 (6.6)
BMI, kg/m^2 a	16.7 (2.2)	17.3 (1.8)
Fat-free mass index, kg/m^2 a	14.2 (1.6)^1	14.2 (1.1)
Fat mass index, kg/m^2 a	2.7 (1.8)^1	3.1 (1.3)
PaO2, kPa^a	7.3 (1.5)	7.8 (1.2)
PaCO2, kPa^a	6.8 (0.9)	6.6 (1.0)
FEV1, % predicted^a	17 (4)	20 (6)
6-min. walk, m^a	303 (123)	275 (103)
SATMIN %^a	84 (7)	89 (7)
SATMAX %^a	94 (2)	95 (3)
Transthyretin, g/L^a	0.21 (0.07)	0.24 (0.05)
CRP, mg/L^a	23.7 (23.6)	12.0 (10.2)
TNF-αRI, pg/mL^a	1173 (570)	1033 (362)
TNF-αRII, pg/mL^a	1991 (777)	1692 (705)
Energy intake, kJ^a	8105 (2063)	8598 (2249)
Energy intake/REE predicted,%^a	156 (37)	158 (39)
Protein intake; g^a	68 (20)	73 (22)
Protein intake, g/kg	1.4 (0.4)	1.4 (0.5)

Definition of abbreviations:PaO₂, = Arterial O₂ tension; PaCO₂, = Arterial CO₂ tension; FEV₁ = Forced expiratory volume in one second; SAT = O₂ saturation; CRP = C-reactive protein; TNF = Tumor necrose factor; R = Receptor; REE predicted = resting energy expenditure predicted by Harris–Benedict equation;

^aMean (S.D.).

¹One missing value.

Figure 1 The association between weight change and energy intake in outpatients after dietary intervention.