Assessment of Self-Management Treatment Needs Among COPD Helpline Callers

Figures & data

Table 1. Sample characteristics, overall and by anxiety/depression status.

Variable	Overall N = 5,772	Anxiety/depression (–) N = 3,152	Anxiety/depression (+) N = 2,620	p-Value
Demographic characteristics
Mean age	59.6 (9.3)	61.1 (9.8)	57.9 (8.4)	<0.001
Sex^a
Male	1,908 (33.1)	1,272 (40.4)	636 (24.3)	<0.001
Female	3,863 (66.9)	1,879 (59.6)	1,984 (75.7)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	4,852 (84.1)	2,580 (81.8)	2,272 (86.7)	<0.001
African American/Black	750 (13.0)	483 (15.3)	267 (10.2)
Other/unspecified	170 (2.9)	89 (2.8)	81 (3.1)
Education^b
<High school diploma	1,129 (24.0)	548 (22.6)	581 (25.5)	<0.001
High school diploma/GED	1,927 (41.0)	1,069 (44.1)	8,548 (37.7)
Some college or higher	1,653 (35.0)	812 (33.1)	841 (36.7)
Clinical and COPD-related characteristics
Medical comorbidities	4,161 (72.1)	2,109 (66.9)	2,052 (78.3)	<0.001
Receiving regular medical care
From any healthcare professional	5,482 (95.0)	2,964 (94.0)	2,518 (96.1)	<0.001
From lung specialist	2,657 (46.0)	1,467 (46.5)	1,190 (45.4)	0.39
Pulmonary rehabilitation participation	487 (8.4)	253 (8.0)	234 (8.9)	0.22
Supplemental oxygen use	1,457 (25.2)	748 (23.7)	709 (27.1)	0.004
Regular exercise	2,033 (35.2)	1,156 (36.7)	877 (33.5)	0.01
Following special diet	939 (16.3)	371 (11.8)	568 (21.7)	<0.001
Receiving self-management instruction
Breathing exercises	1,957 (33.9)	932 (29.6)	1,025 (39.1)	<0.001
Energy conservation	1,528 (26.5)	746 (23.7)	782 (29.8)	<0.001
Airway clearing	1,850 (32.1)	896 (28.4)	954 (36.4)	<0.001
Confident in self-management	4,888 (84.7)	2,641 (83.8)	2,247 (85.8)	0.04
Smoking-related characteristics^b
Current cigarette smokers	4,649 (80.5)	2,399 (76.1)	2,250 (85.9)	<0.001
Menthol use	1,216 (26.2)	616 (25.7)	600 (26.7)	0.44
HSI score	3.8 (1.4)	3.7 (1.4)	3.9 (1.3)	<0.001
Cigarettes Per Day
>10	812 (17.5)	447 (18.7)	365 (16.2)	0.001
11–20	2,418 (52.1)	1,280 (53.5)	1,138 (50.6)
21–30	716 (15.4)	348 (14.5)	368 (16.4)
>30	693 (14.9)	317 (13.3)	376 (16.7)
Time to first cigarette
<5 minutes	2,902 (63.3)	1,463 (61.6)	1,439 (65.0)	<0.001
–-30 minutes	1,279 (27.9)	648 (27.3)	631 (28.5)
31–60 minutes	209 (4.5)	135 (5.7)	74 (3.3)
>60 minutes	198 (4.3)	128 (5.4)	70 (3.2)

Note. For continuous variables, M(SD) values are provided and p-values for comparisons by anxiety/depression status were determined by t-tests. For categorical variables, N(%) values are provided for the proportion of participants who endorse each item, and p-values were determined by Pearson’s chi-square tests. HSI = Heaviness of Smoking Index.

^a One participant did not report sex.

^b Variables was assessed among Quitline participants only (N = 4,700). Full Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) data was available for 4,588 participants.

Figure 1. COPD-related interference and past six-month hospitalization by (a) anxiety/depression status and (b) referral source.