Predictors of New Airway Obstruction – An 11 Year’s Population-Based Follow-Up Study

Figures & data

Table 1. Categorized and continued risk factors in year 2000 for developing airway obstruction during 11 years using univariate and multivariate regression models.

	Risk factors	Units and categories	No of patients with normal lung function year 2000 N = 3863	No of patients who developed airflow obstruction year 2011 N (%)	Risk of developing airflow obstruction Adjusted^a OR (95% CI)	Risk of developing airflow obstruction Adjusted^b OR (95% CI)	Risk of developing airflow obstruction Adjusted^c OR (95% CI)	Risk of developing airflow obstruction Adjusted^d OR (95% CI)	Risk of developing airflow obstruction Adjusted^e OR (95% CI)
Demographics	+Age groups	30–44	1,467	55 (3.7)	1	1	1	1	1
		45–64	1,983	56 (2.8)	0.83 (0.57, 1.23)	0.77 (0.5, 1.17)	1.01 (0.67, 1.51)	0.96 (0.63, 1.48)	0.98 (0.61, 1.57)
		65–100	413	13 (3.1)	1.26 (0.66, 2.42)	1.08 (0.53, 2.19)	1.88 (0.96, 3.67)	1.7 (0.84, 3.46)	2.09 (0.95, 4.62)
	+Gender	Female	2,212	65 (2.9)	1	1	1	1	1
		Male	1,651	59 (3.6)	0.95 (0.66, 1.37)	0.98 (0.68, 1.43)	1.02 (0.7, 1.48)	1.04 (0.71, 1.52)	1.02 (0.59, 1.77)
Physical examinations	+BMI^f	kg/m2	3,461	118	0.94 (0.89, 0.98)**	0.93 (0.88, 0.98)**	0.94 (0.89, 0.99)*	0.94 (0.89, 0.99)*	0.92 (0.81, 1.04)
	+Circumwaist	cm	3,842	123	0.98 (0.96, 1.00)**	0.98 (0.96, 1.00)**	0.98 (0.96, 1.00)**	0.98 (0.96, 1.00)**	1.01 (0.96, 1.06)
Laboratory values	+Sensitive CRP^g	mg/L	3,827	124	1.02 (1.00, 1.05)*	1.02 (1.00, 1.05)*	1.02 (1.00, 1.04)*	1.02 (1.00, 1.04)*	1.03 (1.01, 1.05)**
	+Cotinine	<100 μg/mL ≥100 μg/mL	3,855	67 57	1 3.61 (2.45, 5.32)**	1 3.50 (2.36, 5.19)**	1 2.97 (1.55, 5.71)**	1 2.87 (1.46, 5.68)**	NA
Self-reported factors –Life style	+Level of education	Basic	1,097	41	1	1	1	1	1
		Secondary	1,348	47	0.91 (0.55, 1.48)	0.91 (0.55, 1.48)	0.95 (0.59, 1.54)	0.95 (0.59, 1.54)	0.90 (0.52, 1.54)
		Higher	1,410	36	0.63 (0.38, 1.03)	0.63 (0.38, 1.03)	0.73 (0.45, 1.18)	0.73 (0.45, 1.18)	0.85 (0.5, 1.46)
	+Smoking status	Never	2,056	48	1	1	1	1	1
		Former	924	59	0.79 (0.43, 1.46)	0.770 (0.42, 1.42)	0.80 (0.43, 1.46)	0.77 (0.42, 1.42)	0.10 (0.52, 1.89)
		Current	874	17	2.91 (1.93, 4.39)**	2.80 (1.86, 4.23)**	2.91 (1.93, 4.39)**	2.80 (1.86, 4.23)**	2.54 (1.59, 4.06)**
	+Use of alcohol	No	403	12	1	1	1	1	1
	during	Seldom	1,802	58	1.05 (0.53, 2.1)	1.15 (0.57, 2.32)	0.92 (0.46, 1.87)	0.98 (0.48, 2.02)	0.97 (0.45, 2.08)
	the previous year	Often	1,632	52	1.04 (0.53, 2.05)	1.07 (0.55, 2.11)	0.97 (0.49, 1.9)	0.99 (0.5, 1.96)	0.94 (0.45, 1.95)
	+AHEI index^h		3,694	118	0.91 (0.88, 0.95)**	0.92 (0.88, 0.96)**	0.92 (0.88, 0.96)**	0.92 (0.88, 0.96)**	0.93 (0.89, 0.98)**
	+Total energy intake	kcal	3,694	118	1 (0.98, 1.02)	1 (0.98, 1.02)	1 (0.98, 1.03)	1 (0.98, 1.03)	1.01 (0.98, 1.03)
	+Physical activity	Low	806	37	1	1	1	1	1
		Moderate	2,240	68	0.73 (0.48, 1.11)	0.74 (0.48, 1.13)	0.79 (0.52, 1.21)	0.8 (0.52, 1.23)	0.8 (0.5, 1.28)
		High	777	18	0.46 (0.26, 0.83)	0.48 (0.27, 0.87)	0.55 (0.3, 0.98)	0.56 (0.31, 1.02)	0.61 (0.32, 1.17)
–Physician diagnosed co-morbidities	+Asthma	Yes	280	14	2.23 (1.23, 4.04)*	2.24 (1.24, 4.06)*	2.58 (1.41, 4.72)**	2.57 (1.41, 4.68)**	2.06 (1.05, 4.03)**
	Allergic rhinitis	Yes	367	18	1.41 (0.84, 2.37)	1.44 (0.86, 2.41)	1.50 (0.89, 2.54)	1.52 (0.9, 2.56)	1.15 (0.63, 2.08)
	Sleep apnoea	Yes	50	1	0.67 (0.09, 4.97)	0.66 (0.09, 4.99)	0.63 (0.09, 4.58)	0.63 (0.08, 4.67)	0.94 (0.12, 7.68)
	Chronic bronchitis	yes	145	9	2.15 (1.03, 4.49)*	2.06 (0.99, 4.31)*	2.02 (0.98, 4.18)*	1.97 (0.95, 4.08)*	1.26 (0.56, 2.86)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence intervals; OD, Odds ratio.

^a Adjusted for age and sex.

^b Adjusted for age, sex and level of education.

^c Adjusted for age, sex and smoking.

^d Adjusted for age, sex, level of education, smoking.

^e Fully adjusted multiple regression model (including all variables in this table).

^f Body mass index.

^g Sensitive C reactive protein.

^h Alternate Healthy Eating Index.

* P < 0.05.

** P < 0.01.

Table 2. Incidence rate per 1,000 person years

	Incidence rate per 1,000 patient years	95% CI
All	5.63	4.66–6.85
30–44 years	5.03	3.88–6.15
45–65 years	5.38	4.09–6.96
65–100 years	9.92	4.84–16.73
Men	6.34	4.88–8.16
30–44 years	4.31	2.90–5.95
45–65 years	7.99	5.40–11.12
65–100 years	7.65	3.50–12.64
Women	5.02	3.89–6.56
30–44 years	5.69	3.93–7.50
45–65 years	3.08	2.09–4.17
65–100 years	11.36	4.08–21.82