“Willingness to Pay”: The Value Attributed to Program Location by Pulmonary Rehabilitation Participants

Figures & data

Figure 1. Distribution of willingness to pay values as expressed by participant.

Table 1. Descriptive participant features and candidate predictor variables for response to willingness to pay.

Variables	No WTP data	WTP data	Between-group differences
Demographic
Center-based intervention group, n (%)	14 (61%)	71 (50%)
Age, years mean (SD)	71 (8)	69 (10)
Female, n (%)	17 (74%)	82 (58%)
Clinical
Baseline
FEV1, % predicted	43 [31 to 61]	50 [37 to 63]
6MWD, meters	466 [337 to 504]	401 [325 to 500]
CRQ-D, score	16 [13 to 20]	14 [11 to 18]
SF-36 physical component score^a	35.7 [32.6 to 40.1]	34.6 [29.6 to 41.0]
SF-36 mental component score^a	44.2 [35.5 to 57.8]	48.4 [38.8 to 56.5]
End rehabilitation
Achieved MID 6MWD, no/yes	8/20 (40%)	53/120 (44%)	p = 0.73
Achieved MID CRQ-D, no/yes	9/22 (41%)	78/141 (55%)	p = 0.15
SF-36 physical component score^b	41.2 [33.1 to 47.4]	34.4 [27.5 to 44.3]	p = 0.10
SF-36 mental component score^b	50.8 [41.3 to 58.8]	51.5 [40.2 to 58.6]	p = 0.90
Global rating of change, score	3 [0 to 5]	3 [0 to 5]	p = 0.78
Socio-economic
Weekly household income,^c $ mean (SD)	626 (415)	586 (464)	MD 40 (95%CI −183 to 252)
Receive pension, n (%)	13 (57%)	80 (57%)	p = 0.99
Home ownership, n (%)	14/19 (74%)	81/132 (61%)	p = 0.30
Highest level of education, n (%)
Did not complete high school	10/19 (53%)	70/131 (53%)	p = 0.45
Completed high school	7/19 (37%)	34/131 (26%)
Higher education or training	2/19 (10%)	27/131 (21%)
IRSD quartiles, n (%)
Lowest	2 (9%)	20 (14%)	p = 0.76
Second lowest	2 (9%)	7 (5%)
Second highest	3 (12%)	23 (16%)
Highest	16 (70%)	91 (65%)

Data are median [IQR] unless indicated. *p < 0.1. Group numbers were no WTP data n = 23, WTP data n = 141 unless indicated.

^aWTP data n = 138.

^bNo WTP data n = 22, WTP data n = 127.

^cNo WTP data n = 19, WTP data n = 127.

CI, confidence interval; CRQ-D, dyspnea domain of Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; IRSD quartiles, Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage quartiles; MD, mean difference; MID, minimal important difference; SF-36, Medical Outcomes Survey Short form-36; 6MWD, distance walked on 6-minute walk test; WTP, willingness to pay.

Table 2. Candidate demographic, clinical and socioeconomic predictor variables associated with willingness to pay values and expression of a “non-zero” willingness to pay response.

	WTP values		Non-zero WTP responses
Variables	Correlation coefficient	p	Correlation coefficient	p
Demographic
Center-based intervention group	N/A	0.66	−0.03	0.71
Age, years	0.10	0.23	0.15	0.08*
Female	N/A	0.45	−0.04	0.65
Clinical (baseline)
FEV1, % predicted	−0.03	0.75	−0.01	0.92
6MWD, meters	−0.05	0.46	−0.04	0.62
CRQ-D, score	−0.07	0.32	−0.06	0.50
SF-36 physical component score^a	−0.16	0.03*	−0.20	0.02*
SF-36 mental component score^a	0.06	0.39	0.12	0.16
Socioeconomic
Weekly household income,^b $	0.11	0.13	0.06	0.48
Receive pension, no/yes	N/A	0.54	0.01	0.93
Home ownership, no/yes	N/A	0.01*	0.08	0.30
Highest level of education	N/A	0.74	0.45	N/A
IRSD quartiles	N/A	0.92	0.76	N/A

*p < 0.1. Group numbers were no WTP data n = 23, WTP data n = 141 unless indicated.

^aNo WTP data n = 22, WTP data n = 127.

^bNo WTP data n = 19, WTP data n = 127.

CRQ-D, dyspnea domain of Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; IRSD quartiles, Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage quartiles; SF-36, Medical Outcomes Survey Short form-36; 6MWD, distance walked on 6-minute walk test.

Table 3. Multiple regression for variables associated with willingness to pay values.

Model		β	(95% CI)
1	(Constant)	$202	(131 to 274)
	Weekly household income, $	−$0.03	(−0.13 to 0.06)
2	(Constant)	$247	(−170 to 664)
	Weekly household income, $	−$0.03	(−0.13 to 0.06)
	Intervention group, center/home	−$24	(−115 to 66)
	Age, years	$1	(−4 to 6)
	Baseline SF-36 physical component score	−$2	(−8 to 3)

CI, confidence interval; SF-36, Medical Outcomes Survey Short form-36.

Table 4. Logistic regression for variables associated with expression of a “non-zero” willingness to pay response.

Variables	Odds ratio	(95% CI)
Constant	14.62
Weekly household income, $	1.00	(0.999 to 1.002)
Home ownership, no/yes	2.95	(1.19 to 7.32)
Intervention group, center/home	0.89	(0.37 to 2.16)
Baseline SF-36 physical component score	0.94	(0.89 to 0.99)

CI, confidence interval; SF-36, Medical Outcomes Survey Short form-36.

Data availability statement

Requests for data sharing should be directed to A.E.H., who is the custodian of the complete set of data encompassing this study.