How Do Young Adults Orchestrate Their Multiple Achievement-Related Goals? Associations of Achievement Goal Orientations With Identity Formation and Goal Appraisals

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Categorizations of Achievement Goal Orientations, Goal Appraisals, and Dimensions of Identity Formation

Categorization	Information / growth orientation	Normative orientation	Diffuse-avoidant orientation
Shared characteristics
	Gathering information Employing reasoned decision-making Demonstrating psychosocial maturity and well-being	Validating the self Protecting self-worth	Avoiding engaging in identity-relevant issues Avoiding confronting identity conflicts and dilemmas
Achievement-related goals
Achievement goal orientations	Mastery intrinsic orientation Mastery extrinsic orientation	Performance approach orientation Performance avoidance orientation	Work-avoidance orientation
Goal appraisals	Goal commitment Goal effort Goal progress
Aspects of identity formation
Marcia (1966)	Achievement/ Moratorium	Foreclosure	Diffused
Berzonsky (1990, 2003)	Information-oriented style	Normative style	Diffuse-avoidant style
Luyckx et al. (2008)	Strong exploration in breadth Strong identification with commitment Strong commitment making	Strong commitment making Strong identification with commitment Low exploration in breadth and depth	Low commitment making and identification with commitment Strong ruminative exploration

Note. The categorization was based on Berzonsky (1990, 2003), Kaplan and Flum (2010), and Luyckx et al. (2008).

TABLE 2 Descriptive Statistics and Intercorrelations of the Constructs Under Study

Dimension	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17
1. Mastery-intrinsic T1	5.70	1.13	–
2. Mastery-extrinsic T1	5.64	1.03	.61**	–
3. Performance-approach T1	3.58	1.54	.16**	.43**	–
4. Performance-avoidance T1	3.89	1.37	.04	.25**	.34**	–
5. Work-avoidance T1	3.36	1.40	−.32**	−.33**	.10*	.24**	–
6. Mastery-intrinsic T2	5.68	1.18	.58**	.36**	.13*	−.01	−.23**	–
7. Mastery-extrinsic T2	5.83	0.95	.45**	.50**	.19**	.14**	−.24**	.55**	–
8. Performance-approach T2	3.69	1.61	.08	.26**	.58**	.31**	.02	.17**	.37**	–
9. Performance-avoidance T2	3.91	1.46	−.03	.08	.18**	.51**	.14	−.03	.14**	.35**	–
10. Work-avoidance T2	3.09	1.34	−.29**	−.30**	−.00	.11**	.52**	−.39**	−.44**	−.00	.22**	–
11. CM	3.76	0.89	.18**	.22**	.09	−.07	−.19**	.11*	.05	−.02	−.07	−.13*	–
12. IC	3.59	0.91	.29**	.31**	.09	−.09	−.23**	.25**	.16**	.00	−.11*	−.16**	.57**	–
13. EB	3.79	0.95	.28**	.31**	.16*	−.01	−.15**	.30**	.26**	.08	−.01	−.21**	.29**	.37**	–
14. ED	2.64	1.14	−.08	−.01	.12*	.25**	.13**	.03	.07	.16**	.19	.03	−.39**	−.23**	.04	–
15. RE	2.50	1.04	−.18	−.12*	.05	.23**	.19**	−.10	−.03	.08	.17	.12*	−.59**	−.42**	−.02	.64**	–
16. Commitment	6.14	0.93	.33**	.26**	.03	−.01	−.14**	.26**	.20**	−.05	−.03	−.09	.23**	.21**	.25**	−.08	−.20**	–
17. Effort	4.99	1.37	.32**	.26**	.06	−.00	−.17**	.27**	.22**	−.01	−.05	−.19	.21**	.14**	.20**	−.05	−.14**	.53**	–
18. Progress	4.92	1.44	.28**	.21**	.07	−.07	−.19**	.26**	.15**	−.05	−.09	−.17**	.23**	.22**	.19**	−.11*	−.22**	.47**	.69**

Note. Identity dimension at T1: CM = Commitment making; IC = Identification with commitment EB = Exploration in breadth; ED = Exploration in depth; RE = Ruminative exploration. Goal commitment, effort and progress at T1.

*p < .05, **p < .01.

TABLE 3 Results of the Latent Change Score Models for the Achievement Goal Orientations

	Model fit indices			Intercept		Change
Orientation	CFI	RMSEA	SRMR	M	s^2	M	s^2
Mastery-intrinsic orientation	0.99	0.03	0.06	5.73**	1.19**	–0.03	0.95**
Mastery-extrinsic orientation	0.99	0.03	0.05	5.90**	0.87**	0.18**	0.65**
Performance-approach orientation	1.00	0.02	0.02	3.56**	1.44**	0.07	1.04**
Performance-avoidance orientation	0.94	0.07	0.04	3.64**	1.28**	0.05	1.08**
Work-avoidance orientation	1.00	0.02	0.03	4.12**	1.50**	–0.23**	1.19**

Note. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

TABLE 4 Associations Between the Identity Formation Dimensions and Latent Intercept and Change Factors of Achievement Goal Orientations

	Mastery-Intrinsic Orientation		Mastery-Extrinsic Orientation		Performance-Approach Orientation		Performance-Avoidance Orientation		Work-Avoidance Orientation
Model 1	β	(SE)	β	(SE)	β	(SE)	β	(SE)	β	(SE)
Effects on the latent intercept factor
Commitment making	–0.16	(0.10)	–0.06	(0.10)	0.15	(0.10)	0.22 *	(0.10)	–0.06	(0.10)
Identification with commitment	0.19*	(0.10)	0.17	(0.10)	0.01	(0.09)	–0.02	(0.10)	–0.18	(0.10)
Exploration in breadth	0.31***	(0.08)	0.38***	(0.09)	0.10	(0.07)	–0.08	(0.07)	–0.09	(0.08)
Exploration in depth	0.06	(0.08)	0.09	(0.09)	0.18	(0.09)	0.17	(0.10)	0.01	(0.11)
Ruminative exploration	–0.26	(0.13)	–0.20	(0.14)	0.06	(0.14)	0.31 *	(0.14)	0.09	(0.15)
Effects on the latent change factor
Commitment making	–0.04	(0.13)	–0.18	(0.13)	–0.13	(0.15)	–0.02	(0.14)	0.16	(0.13)
Identification with commitment	–0.02	(0.10)	–0.12	(0.10)	–0.06	(0.11)	–0.11	(0.13)	0.12	(0.14)
Exploration in breadth	–0.02	(0.09)	–0.07	(0.09)	–0.07	(0.08)	0.05	(0.11)	–0.12	(0.09)
Exploration in depth	0.10	(0.11)	0.04	(0.11)	0.02	(0.14)	–0.01	(0.15)	–0.16	(0.15)
Ruminative exploration	–0.01	(0.17)	–0.09	(0.18)	–0.13	(0.18)	–0.15	(0.19)	0.18	(0.19)

Note. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

TABLE 5 Associations Between the Personal Goal Appraisals and Latent Intercept and Change Factors of Achievement Goal Orientations

	Mastery-Intrinsic Orientation		Mastery-Extrinsic Orientation		Performance-Approach Orientation		Performance-Avoidance Orientation		Work-Avoidance Orientation
Model 7	β	(SE)	β	(SE)	β	(SE)	β	(SE)	β	(SE)
Effects on the latent intercept factor
Goal commitment	0.22 *	(0.09)	0.16	(0.09)	–0.07	(0.08)	–0.03	(0.09)	–0.14	(0.08)
Goal effort	0.20*	(0.09)	0.23*	(0.10)	0.10	(0.09)	0.13	(0.10)	–0.06	(0.09)
Goal progress	0.02	(0.08)	–0.01	(0.09)	0.02	(0.08)	–0.17	(0.09)	–0.09	(0.08)
Effects on the latent change factor
Goal commitment	–0.10	(0.09)	–0.04	(0.10)	–0.02	(0.09)	0.05	(0.10)	0.15	(0.10)
Goal effort	–0.06	(0.11)	–0.10	(0.11)	0.00	(0.14)	–0.10	(0.12)	–0.11	(0.13)
Goal progress	0.07	(0.10)	–0.01	(0.11)	–0.16	(0.12)	0.06	(0.09)	0.04	(0.11)

Note. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

TABLE 6 Associations Between the Identity Formation Dimensions, Goal Appraisals, and Latent Intercept and Change Factors of Achievement Goal Orientations

	Mastery-Intrinsic Orientation		Mastery-Extrinsic Orientation		Performance-Approach Orientation		Performance-Avoidance Orientation		Work-Avoidance Orientation
Model 8	β	(SE)	β	(SE)	β	(SE)	β	(SE)	β	(SE)
Effects on the latent intercept factor
Commitment making	–0.18	(0.10)	–0.08	(0.10)	0.14	(0.10)	0.22*	(0.10)	–0.06	(0.10)
Identification with commitment	0.21*	(0.09)	0.20*	(0.10)	0.02	(0.09)	–0.02	(0.10)	–0.18	(0.10)
Exploration in breadth	0.23**	(0.09)	0.32***	(0.09)	0.10	(0.08)	–0.10	(0.08)	–0.05	(0.08)
Exploration in depth	0.04	(0.08)	0.08	(0.09)	0.17	(0.09)	0.17	(0.10)	0.03	(0.10)
Ruminative exploration	–0.19	(0.13)	–0.16	(0.14)	0.06	(0.14)	0.31	(0.14)	0.04	(0.14)
Goal commitment	0.11	(0.08)	0.03	(0.08)	–0.09	(0.07)	0.04	(0.08)	–0.07	(0.08)
Goal effort	0.23**	(0.09)	0.23**	(0.09)	0.07	(0.09)	0.09	(0.10)	–0.07	(0.09)
Goal progress	–0.03	(0.08)	–0.06	(0.08)	0.03	(0.08)	–0.10	(0.08)	–0.04	(0.08)
Effects on the latent change factor
Commitment making	–0.05	(0.13)	–0.18	(0.13)	–0.12	(0.15)	–0.01	(0.14)	0.18	(0.13)
Identification with commitment	–0.03	(0.10)	–0.14	(0.10)	–0.05	(0.11)	–0.11	(0.13)	0.11	(0.14)
Exploration in breadth	0.02	(0.10)	–0.05	(0.10)	–0.04	(0.09)	0.05	(0.10)	–0.14	(0.10)
Exploration in depth	0.09	(0.11)	0.04	(0.12)	0.03	(0.15)	–0.02	(0.14)	–0.16	(0.15)
Ruminative exploration	–0.03	(0.18)	–0.10	(0.19)	–0.16	(0.19)	–0.14	(0.19)	0.21	(0.19)
Goal commitment	–0.08	(0.08)	0.03	(0.09)	–0.01	(0.09)	0.03	(0.10)	0.15	(0.10)
Goal effort	–0.08	(0.12)	–0.10	(0.11)	0.02	(0.14)	–0.10	(0.11)	–0.09	(0.12)
Goal progress	0.09	(0.11)	0.03	(0.11)	–0.16	(0.11)	0.05	(0.10)	0.02	(0.10)

Note. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001,

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