Automated energy management in distributed electricity systems: An EEPOS approach

Figures & data

Figure 1. Relevant electricity and commercial information flows from the grid user perspective.

Figure 2. The structure of the proposed energy management: Input/output data and calculation algorithms.

Figure 3. Flowchart of the optimal load shifting planning calculation.

Table 1. Decision table for load shifting request.

Case #	Price	Residual load	Load shifting signal	Action
1	High	Positive peak	−2	Shift load from these times; strongly suggested
2	High	Positive & Not peak	−1	Shift load from these times
3	High	Negative	+2	Shift load to these times; strongly suggested
4	Low	Any & Not off-peak	+1	Shift load to these times
5	Low	Off-peak	+2	Shift load to these times; strongly suggested

Figure 4. Input data: PV plant generation, load, residual load, electricity price.

Table 2. Scenarios for flexible load capacities.

Scenario #	Load flexibility, %	Capacity, kWh
1	0.0	0.00
2	2.5	1.14
3	5.0	2.27
4	7.5	3.41
5	10.0	4.54

Figure 5. First day: Residual load, residual load after performed load shifting by the first grid user (Scenario #4), electricity price, load shifting request for the first grid user (Scenario #4).

Figure 6. Residual load (scenarios #1 to #5) and electricity price.

Figure 7. Generation surplus compensation: Scenarios #1 to #5.

Figure 8. Peak load shaving: Scenarios #1 to #5.

Figure 9. Electricity distribution losses per day: Scenarios #1 to #5.

Table 3. Electricity pricing tariffs for grid users.

Electricity pricing tariff #	High price, EUR/kWh	Low price, EUR/kWh	Feed-in tariff, EUR/kWh
1	0.30	0.25	0.13
2	0.33	0.22	0.13
3	0.36	0.19	0.13
4	0.39	0.16	0.13

Figure 10. Average daily electricity costs per grid user at different electricity pricing tariffs: Scenarios #1 to #5.

Figure A.1. Historical data of PV plant: Irradiance on PV panel surface and ambient temperature.

Figure A.2. Historical data of PV plant power output and calculated PV plant power.

Table B.1. Answer options for questions 1–6.

Questions	Answers
1, 3–5	1 = Not at all important, 2 = Slightly important, 3 = Moderately important, 4 = Very important, 5 = Extremely important
2	1 = No priority, 2 = Low priority, 3 = Medium priority, 4 = High priority, 5 = Essential
6	From Least to Most important [1 = Least important; 5 = Most important], and 0 as Not applicable

Figure B.1. Results on questions 1 and 2: Experts’ view on the importance and on the priority of DR system [1 = Not at all important; 5 = Extremely important] [1 = Not priority; 5 = Essential].

Figure B.2. Results on questions 3-5: Experts’ view on the importance of the following DR functions (i) for local electricity grid, (ii) for local generators and (iii) for electricity system support [1 = Not at all important; 5 = Extremely important].

Figure B.3. Results on question 6: Experts’ view on the importance of the advanced technical features for different DR systems [1 = Least important; 5 = Most important; 0 as Not applicable].