Sustainable Processing with Herbs on Bamboo, Banana, and Merino Wool Fibers

Figures & data

Figure 1. Bandi River, Rajasthan, India, colored with water effluent from the surrounding textile dyeing units (Perfect Sourcing Newsdesk 2018)

Figure 2. Bambusoideae (Bamboo grass) for obtaining bamboo fibers (Harvest returns 2019)

Figure 3. Abaca species, Musa textilis for obtaining banana fibers (Steele, Stephanie 2019)

Figure 4. Carbon cycle in wool fibers (Australian Wool Innovation Limited 2019)

Figure 5. Morphological characteristic of merino wool fibers (Australian Wool Innovation Limited 2019)

Table 1. Herbal biomaterials in research

Botanical name	Common name	Botanical part	Color	Functionality
Curcuma amada	Mango ginger	Root	Yellow	Anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-itch
Pentaglottis sempervirens	Alkanet	Root	Brown	Anti-infection, anti-inflammatory
Lawsonia inermis	Henna	Leave	Orange	Anti-microbial, antioxidant
Sphaeralcea munroana	Munro’s Dessert-mallow	Bark	Brown	Anti-infection, anti-inflammatory
Capsicum annuum	Red chili	Chili	Orange	Anti-inflammation
Betula pendula	Silver birch	Bark	Brown	Anti-infection, anti-inflammation, analgesic
Solidago canadensis	Goldenrod	Stem	Yellow	Anti-inflammation, analgesic, wound healing
Juglans nigra	Black walnut	Leave	Brown	Anti-infection wound healing
Syzygium aromaticum	Cloves	Bud	Brown	Anti-microbial, anti-inflammation, antioxidant
Acacia catechu	Katha	Bark	Brown	Wound healing, anti-itch

Figure 6. Original ready to dye a) bamboo, b) banana, and c) merino wool fibers. d) Original ready to dye merino wool yarns

Figure 7. The coloration of Bamboo, Banana, and Merino Wool Fibers with a) Mango Ginger, b) Alkanet, and c) Henna

Figure 8. Coloration of Bamboo, Banana, and Merino Wool fibers with a) Munro’s Dessert-Mallow b) Red Chili and c) Silver Birch

Figure 9. The coloration of Bamboo, Banana, and Merino wool fibers with a) Goldenrod b) Poplar bud c) Walnut leaves, and d) Cloves

Figure 10. The coloration of merino wool yarns with mango ginger, a) Soaked in extract solution, and b) Dried

Figure 11. The coloration of merino wool yarns with cloves, a) Soaked in extract solution, and b) Dried

Figure 12. The coloration of merino wool yarns with henna, a) Soaked in extract solution, and b) Dried

Table 2. Color values obtained of merino wool yarns colored with herbs

Herbs on Wool	Colour strength value, K/S	Lightness/darkness, L*	Redness/greenness, a*	Yellowness/blueness, b*
Mango ginger	26.43	71.53	6.08	81.80
Cloves	23.23	69.32	5.99	34.91
Henna	28.53	30.45	35.25	52.45

Table 3. Fastness properties of Merino wool yarns treated with mango ginger, cloves, and henna

Samples	Wash fastness, grey scale (1-5)		Lightfastness, blue wool scale (1-8)
	Color change	Staining
Mango ginger	4	4	1
Cloves	4/5	5	4
Henna	4/5	4	4

Figure 13. The ATR - FTIR analysis of herbs in research, Mango ginger (MG), Cloves (CL) and Henna (HN)

Figure 14. The ATR - FTIR analysis of herbal treated merino wool yarns, Mango ginger (MG), Cloves (CL) and Henna (HN)

Figure 15. The significant chemical component (plant phytochemicals) contained in a) Mango ginger – Curcumin b) Cloves – Eugenol and c) Henna - Lawsone

Table 4. DO and ORP after coloration with herbs in research

Herbs	pH value	Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP), mV	Dissolved Oxygen (DO), ppm
Original water	7.84	−53.4	8.20
Mango ginger	6.22	36.4	6.71
Cloves	5.35	84.0	7.91
Henna	5.40	82.7	2.59

Perfect Sourcing Newsdesk. 2018. Indian dyeing units find it ‘costlier’ to treat wastewater. Perfectsourcing. 24 October. Accessed 08 July, 2020. https://perfectsourcing.net/news/indian-dyeing-units-find-it-costlier-to-treat-wastewater/.

 Google Scholar

Harvest returns. 2019. Growing The U.S. Bamboo Investment Market. Harvest returns. 14 June. Accessed 08 July, 2020. https://www.harvestreturns.com/blog/2019/6/14/growing-the-us-bamboo-investment-market.

 Google Scholar

Steele, S. 2019. What is banana fiber and how do you make textiles out of it? Offset Warehouse. 3 June. Accessed 08 July, 2020. https://www.the-sustainable-fashion-collective.com/2019/06/03/what-is-banana-fibre-and-how-do-you-make-textiles-from-it.

 Google Scholar

Australian Wool Innovation Limited. 2019. Wool fibre facts & benefits. The Woolmark Company. 25 March. Accessed 08 July, 2020. https://www.woolmark.com/about-wool/wool-fibre/.

 Google Scholar