Cotton Dyeing with Cochineal by Just in Time Extraction, Mordanting, Dyeing, and Fixing Method in the Textile Industry

Figures & data

Table 1. Dyeing parameter, according to the percentages of alum, Ca(NO₃)₂, gall oak and cochineal.

Number	Cochineal (%)	Gall oak (%)	Alum (%)	Ca(NO3)2%	pH	Bath ratio
1	0.1	0.1	0.025	0.01	6.0–7.0	1/10
2	0.2	0.2	0.050	0.02	6.0–7.0	1/10
3	0.3	0.3	0.075	0.03	6.0–7.0	1/10
4	0.4	0.4	0.10	0.04	6.0–7.0	1/10
5	0.5	0.5	0.125	0.05	6.0–7.0	1/10
6	0.1	0.6	0.150	0.06	6.0–7.0	1/10
7	0.2	0.7	0.175	0.07	6.0–7.0	1/10
8	0.3	0.8	0.20	0.08	6.0–7.0	1/10
9	0.4	0.9	0.225	0.09	6.0–7.0	1/10
10	0.5	1.0	0.250	0.10	6.0–7.0	1/10
11	0.3	0.3	0.075	0.03	6.0–7.0	1/10

Figure 1. Cochineal dyeing, mordanting and fixing producer.

Figure 2. (a) Chromatograms of the dyed fabrics, (b) spectra of 6.252 RT (black line) and spectra of gallic acid (red line) (c) spectra of 16.143 RT (black line) and spectra of carminic acid (red line), (d) spectra of 17.402 RT (black line) and spectra of ellagic acid (red line), (e) spectra of 26.039 RT (black line) and spectra of flavokermesic acid (red line).

Figure 3. Color measurement values CMC, L*, a*, b*, and K/S.

Table 2. Fastness properties of cochineal (Dactylopius coccus Costa).

Number	Lightfastness	Color change	Staining						Rubbing
			Wo	PAN	PES	PA	Co	CA	dry	wet
1	4–5	4	5	5	5	5	4–5	4–5	4–5	4–5
2	4–5	4	5	5	5	5	4–5	4–5	4–5	4–5
3	4–5	4	5	5	5	5	4–5	4–5	4–5	4–5
4	4–5	4	5	5	5	5	4–5	4–5	4–5	4–5
5	4–5	4	5	5	5	5	4–5	4–5	4–5	4–5
6	4–5	4	5	5	5	5	4–5	4–5	4–5	4–5
7	4–5	4	5	5	5	5	4–5	4–5	4–5	4–5
8	4–5	4	5	5	5	5	4–5	4–5	4–5	4–5
9	4–5	4	5	5	5	5	4–5	4–5	4–5	4–5
10	4–5	4	5	5	5	5	4–5	4–5	4–5	4–5
11	4–5	4	5	5	5	5	4–5	4–5	4–5	4–5
12	4–5	4	5	5	5	5	4–5	4–5	4–5	4–5
industrial scale	4–5	4	5	5	5	5	4–5	4–5	4–5	4–5

Figure 4. The SEM imagine: (a) undyed fabric (b) dyed fabric with cochineal (0.3%), gall oak (0.3%), alum (0.0075%) and calcium nitrate (0.03%).

Figure 5. The EDX analysis: (a) undyed fabric (b) dyed fabric with cochineal (0.3%), gall oak (0.3%), alum (0.075%) and calcium nitrate (0.03%).

Figure 6. Possible structure of Ca-carminic acid-Al complexes (a, b, and c).