Assessment of Colorimetric and Fastness Properties of Prangos Ferulacea (Jashir) Dyed Wool Yarns in Conjunction with Mixed Metal Mordant Combinations via Reflectance Spectroscopy

Figures & data

Figure 1. Chemical structures of some main phytochemicals present in the aerial parts of P. ferulacea plant.

Figure 2. Color strength (K/S) variation of binary mixed mordanted wool yarns (a) aluminum combinations; (b) Iron combinations; (c) Copper combinations; (d) Tin combinations; and (d) Cobalt and nickel combinations.

Figure 3. Schematic representation of wool-metal-dye interactions.

Figure 4. Lightness, chroma, and hue angle variation of binary mixed mordanted wool yarns (a) aluminum combinations; (b) Iron combinations; (c) Copper combinations; (d) Tin combinations; and (d) Cobalt and nickel combinations.

Figure 5. a*-b* plot of binary mixed mordanted dyed wool yarns.

Table 1. Colorfastness of binary mix metal mordanted wool yarns dyed with 75.0% (o.w.f.) Prangos ferulacea natural dye.

Sample	Wash fastness			Rub fastness		Light-fastness
	Color change	Staining on wool	Staining on cotton	Dry	Wet
Un-mordanted	4	3	4	3-4	3	4
2.5% Al + 2.5% Fe	4-5	5	4-5	5	4	6
2.5% Al + 2.5% Cu	4-5	5	5	5	4-5	6
2.5% Al + 1.5% Sn	4	4	4-5	4-5	4	5
2.5% Al + 2.5% Co	4-5	4-5	4-5	4-5	4	6-7
2.5% Al + 2.5% Ni	4-5	4-5	4-5	4-5	4	6-7
2.5% Al + 0.5% Cr	4-5	4-5	5	5	4-5	7-8
2.5% Al + 2.5% Zn	4-5	4-5	4-5	4-5	4	7
2.5% Fe + 2.5% Cu	4-5	5	4-5	5	4	7-8
2.5% Fe + 1.5% Sn	4	4	4-5	4-5	4	6
2.5% Fe + 2.5% Co	4-5	4-5	4-5	4-5	4	6
2.5% Fe + 2.5% Ni	4-5	4-5	4-5	4-5	4	6
2.5% Fe + 0.5% Cr	5	5	5	5	4-5	7-8
2.5% Fe + 2.5% Zn	4-5	5	4-5	5	4	6
2.5% Cu + 1.5% Sn	4-5	5	5	5	4-5	6-7
2.5% Cu + 2.5% Co	4-5	5	5	5	4-5	6
2.5% Cu + 2.5% Ni	4-5	5	5	5	4-5	6
2.5% Cu + 0.5% Cr	5	5	5	5	5	6
2.5% Cu + 2.5% Zn	4-5	5	5	5	4-5	6
1.5% Sn + 2.5% Co	4	4	4-5	4-5	4	5
1.5% Sn + 2.5% Ni	4	4	4-5	4-5	4	5
1.5% Sn + 0.5% Cr	5	5	5	5	4-5	7
1.5% Sn + 2.5% Zn	4	4	4-5	4-5	4	5
2.5% Co + 2.5% Ni	4-5	4-5	4-5	4-5	4	7
2.5% Co + 0.5% Cr	5	5	5	5	4-5	7
2.5% Co + 2.5% Zn	4-5	4-5	4-5	4-5	4	7
2.5% Ni + 0.5% Cr	5	5	5	5	4-5	7-8
2.5% Ni + 2.5% Zn	4-5	4-5	4-5	4-5	4	7
0.5% Cr + 2.5% Zn	5	5	5	5	4-5	7-8

Figure 6. FT-IR spectra of native, Al/Fe mordanted, and Al/Fe mordanted dyed wool yarns.

Table 2. Characteristics FT-IR spectral bands (cm ⁻¹) of native, Al/Fe mordanted, and Al/Fe mordanted dyed wool yarns.

S. No.	Specific vibrations	Native wool	Al/Fe mordanted	Al/Fe mordanted dyed wool yarns
1	-N-H and -O-H stretching frequency	3380	3438	3431
2	Symmetric -CH2 stretching	2964	2924	2933
3	Asymmetric -CH2 stretching	2920/2853	2919/2860	2919/2853
4	Amide-I band (-C=O stretch)	1635	1635	1628
5	Amide-II (Secondary amide, -N-H bending, and -C-N wagging)	1536	1459	1446
6	Amide-III band	1226	1232	1231
7	S=O vibrations of cysteic monoxide	1076	1118	1063

Figure 7. SEM images of (a) native, (b) Al/Fe mordanted , and (c) Al/Fe mordanted dyed wool yarns.