Dyeing of Wool with Sappan Wood Natural Dye Using Metal Salts for Enhancement in Color and Fastness Properties

Figures & data

Figure 1. (a) Sappan wood bark and dye. (b) Chemical structures of coloring component in sappan wood.

Figure 2. UV-visible spectra of sappan wood extract.

Figure 3. (a-e). FTIR spectra.

Table 1. Colorimetric properties of unmordanted and mordanted dyed wool samples.

Mordant	L*	a*	b*	c*	h^ο	K/S	Sample
1% Sappan wood
Unmordanted	72.29	5.14	17.79	18.51	73.88	20.04
5% FeSO4	67.26	5.65	14.47	15.53	68.67	27.83
10% Alum	73.54	7.56	19.67	21.07	68.97	20.12
3% Sappan wood
Unmordanted	68.22	6.8	18.43	19.64	69.74	20.82
5% FeSO4	55.02	5.98	12.81	14.13	64.97	27.80
10% Alum	62.08	9.47	19.39	21.57	63.96	21.84
5% Sappan wood
Unmordanted	62.12	8.87	19.17	21.12	65.16	22.05
5% FeSO4	53.77	6.66	15.1	16.53	66.24	27.80
10% Alum	61.86	13.39	25.42	28.73	62.22	23.80
8% Sappan wood
Unmordanted	55.51	13.34	20.74	24.65	57.25	24.64
5% FeSO4	52.16	7.79	14.86	16.77	62.33	33.54
10% Alum	36.8	8.4	13	19.8	40.12	27.46
10% Sappan wood
Unmordanted	54.4	12.21	21.02	24.30	59.84	26.20
5% FeSO4	49.83	8.67	15.13	17.43	60.18	28.97
10% Alum	53.53	14.35	23.54	27.56	58.63	26.18
15% Sappan wood
Unmordanted	52.08	12.38	21.13	24.48	59.63	26.62
5% FeSO4	50.23	8.14	17.28	19.10	64.77	29.64
10% Alum	53.12	13.27	22.03	25.71	58.93	26.76
20% Sappan wood
Unmordanted	47.72	13.68	21.83	25.76	57.92	28.99
5% FeSO4	42.91	10.77	17.14	20.24	57.85	35.04
10% Alum	47.72	13.68	21.83	25.76	57.92	33.50

Figure 4. Wool-mordant-dye interaction.

Figure 5. a*-b* plot unmordanted samples.

Figure 6. a*-b* plot mordanted samples.

Table 2. Fastness properties of unmordanted and mordanted dyed wool samples.

Mordant	Light fastness	Wash fastness			Rub fastness
		c.c.	c.s.	c.w.	Dry	Wet
1% Sappan wood
Unmordanted	5	3	5	5	5	4–5
5% FeSO4	5	2–3	5	5	4–5	4–5
10% Alum	5	3	5	5	5	4
3% Sappan wood
Unmordanted	5	3	5	5	5	4–5
5% FeSO4	5	2	5	5	4–5	4–5
10% Alum	5	3	5	5	5	4
5% Sappan wood
Unmordanted	4	3–4	5	5	5	5
5% FeSO4	5	3	5	5	4–5	4
10% Alum	5	2	5	5	4	4
8% Sappan wood
Unmordanted	4	3–4	5	5	5	4
5% FeSO4	5	3–4	5	5	4–5	4
10% Alum	5	3–4	5	5	3	3
10% Sappan wood
Unmordanted	4	2	5	5	4	4
5% FeSO4	5	4	5	5	4–5	4–5
10% Alum	5	4	5	5	3	3
15% Sappan wood
Unmordanted	4	3	5	5	4	4
5% FeSO4	5	4	5	5	4–5	4–5
10% Alum	5	2–3	5	5	4	4
20% Sappan wood
Unmordanted	4	2	5	5	4	4
5% FeSO4	5	4	5	5	4	4
10% Alum	5	2	5	5	3	3

c.c. = color change; c.s. = color staining on cotton; c.w. = color staining on wool.