Failure Analysis of Plant Fibre-Reinforced Composite in Civil Building Materials Using Non-Destructive Testing Methods: Current and Future Trend

Figures & data

Figure 1. Typical plant fibers and its condition for composite material applications.

Figure 2. Publication output related to plant-fiber composite: (a) the publication output of the plant-fiber composites over the last 10 years (b) some of research areas working with plant-fiber composite and (c) top 5 countries contribute to plant-fiber composite by publication.

Figure 3. Non-destructive methods and schematic diagram for composite material set-up (a) Infrared thermography method (b) X-ray computed tomography method (c) Digital detector array radiography method (Najeeb et al. 2021).

Table 1. Plant-fiber polymer composite failure analysis summary.

Plant fiber	Fibre type, content	Fabrication method	Polymer	Destructive test	Failure analysis tools	Author
Flax fiber	Short fibers, 30% wt	Extrusion process	Acrylo-butadiene-styrene (ABS)	Falling dart impact	Terahertz spectroscopy	(Malinowski et al. 2018)
Pineapple leaf fiber	Long fiber, 10% wt	Handlay up + Hot press	Epoxy	Flexural testing, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermomechanical analysis (TMA)	Scanning electron microscope	(Najeeb et al. 2022)
Pineapple and leaf fiber, Flax fiber	6 layers	-	Epoxy	Impact, tensile, bending, shear	Scanning electron microscope	(Kumar and Saha 2022)
Sisal and Nacha	laminates form, 30%	-	Unsaturated polyester resin	Tensile (ASTM D3039), flexural (ASTM D790), compressive (ASTM D341)	-	(Miliket et al. 2022)
Sugarcane fibers and tamarind seed	Powder, 50%	Hot injection molding	Epoxy	Compressive, flexural (ASTM D790–10)	-	(Girimurugan et al. 2022)
Flax,	Laminates, 45%v	Hot press	Epoxy	Tensile (ASTM D3039), DMA, fatigue (ASTM D3479)	SEM, Micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT)	(Barouni et al. 2022)
Pinewood, bamboo, and cork	Short fiber	Fused deposition modeling	Polylactic acid	uniaxial cyclic tensile (C SN EN ISO 527–2)	Scanning electron microscope	(Müller et al. 2022)
Kenaf fiber	Short fiber	Twin-screw extruder + Filament extrusion	Polylactic acid	Fatigue (ASTM D638), impact (ASTM D256)	-	(Shahar et al. 2022)
Flax fibers woven	Woven	Vacuum assisted resin infusion method	poly (methyl methacrylate)	Impact (ASTM D7136 and ASTM D5628 standards) fatigue (ASTM D3479)	X-ray computed tomography, SEM	(Javanshour et al. 2022)
Abaca, Hemp fiber		Epoxy hand lay-up technique + compression molding process	Epoxy	Tensile (ASTM D638), flexural (ASTM D790), impact (ASTM D256)	-	(Anand Raj et al. 2022)
Jute fiber	Short fiber, 40%wt	Compression molding	Isopthalic polyester	Tensile (ASTM D3039), impact, flexural (ASTM D790)	Scanning electron microscope	(Sajin et al. 2022)
Flax, Hemp, Jute fibe	Weave	Hot press	Epoxy	Effect of drilling	Phased array ultrasonic; X-ray CT	(Maleki et al. 2022)
Alfa fiber; Jute fiber	Fabric	Resin infusion	Epoxy	Tensile (ISO 3167); bending test (ASTM D790)	Optical microscope, Scanning electron microscope	(Laraba et al. 2022)
Banana fiber	laminates	Hand lay-up	Epoxy	Tensile, Flexural, and Impact strengths	-	(Loganathan et al. 2022)
Sisal fiber	12 laminates	Hot press machine	Epoxy	Drop weight impact (ASTM D7136)	Ultrasonic C-scan	(Mahesh et al. 2021)
Flax fiber	Woven fabric	Impregnated	Chitosan	Tensile (DIN EN ISO 527–4); flexural (DIN EN ISO 14,125)	Micro-CT	(Rath et al. 2023)

Table 2. Research works on natural plant fiber reinforcement in concrete matrix composite.

Matrix composition	Plant fiber	Testing (standard)	Failure analysis tools	Author
Cement, water, sand and gravel, glass-fiber, epoxy	Flax-fiber	Quasi-static and dynamic tests	Visual	(Wang et al. 2022)
Cement, Silica fume, Coarse sand, Fine sand, Superplasticizer, Steel fiber	Sisal fiber	Flexural strength (ASTM C1609)	-	(Ren et al. 2022)
Earth concrete mixture	Flax fiber	Compressive	Visual	(Kouta, Saliba, and Saiyouri 2020)
Cement, water, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates	Sugarcane fiber, bagasse Ash, sisal fiber	Compressive Strength (BS EN 12,390–3:2002); Split Tensile Strength (BS EN 12,390–6:2009); and Flexural (BS EN 12,390–5:2000);	Scanning electron microscope (SEM)	(Tunje, Onchiri, and Thuo 2021)
Cement, water, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates	Banana stem fiber	Compressive strength (EN 12,390–3), Splitting tensile strength (ASTM C496); and Flexural tensile strength-FTS (ASTM C1609)	Scanning electron microscope (SEM)	(Ali et al. 2022)
Aggregates, cement, kenaf fiber, potable water, and superplasticizer	Kenaf fiber	Residual Compressive Strength	Scanning electron microscope (SEM)	(Aluko et al. 2022)
Concrete with superplasticizer	Date Palm Leaf Ash (DPLA)	Compressive test (ASTM C39), Splitting test (ASTM C496)	-	(Yousefi, Khandestani, and Gharaei-Moghaddam 2022)
Cement, superplasticizer	Abaca, Hemp, and jute fiber	Compressive (ISO 679), Hydration heat measurement (ASTM C1702) method and Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV)	-	(Choi 2022)

Figure 4. The integration of machine learning models with nondestructive test methods (Fathi, Nasir, and Kazemirad 2020; Jang, Kim, and An 2019; Kraljevski et al. 2021; Niccolai et al. 2021; Shipway et al. 2021).

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