Green Sustainable Textile Supercritical Dyeing Process Using CO₂ Madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) Extract

Figures & data

Figure 1. Madder root from Institute plantation, after 3 years of cultivation.

Table 1. Temperature program implemented by the chromatograph.

Temperature buildup, ℃/min	Oven temperature, ℃	Holding time, min
Initial value	50	1
5	260	6
3	300	20

Figure 2. Flow diagram of the plant for dyeing fabrics with the supercritical method.

Figure 3. Supercritical CO₂ extract – MR and linen unmordanted and mordanted fabrics.

Figure 4. Madder extract-MR.

Table 2. Parameters of the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction process.

Extraction		Separation, S1		Separation, S2		Extraction yield, %	CO2 consumption, kg/kg of charge
P, bar	T, °C	P, bar	T, °C	P, bar	T, °C
300	60	65	50	50	20	2.2	190

Table 3. Antibacterial activity of the tested extracts from dye plants.

Sample number	Name of extract	MIC, mg/mL	MBC, mg/mL	JA/g
1.	ME	1.50	5.0	670
2.	MN	0.75	2.5	1330
3.	MR	0.25	0.5	4000

Table 4. Spectrophotometric and pantone measurements of color – linen and silk samples dyed with an extract produced by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method.

Sample	Spectophotometric analysis results					Color	PANTONE®
	L*	a*	b*	c*	h*
SLu	78.9 ± 0.9	13.9 ± 0.3	0.3 ± 0.1	13.9 ± 0.6	1.2 ± 0.3	pale pink	14–1513 TCX
SLm	44.2 ± 0.5	42.2 ± 0.6	14.2 ± 0.2	14.9 ± 0.5	19.5 ± 0.8	Pink-red. cranbery	13–2805 TCX
SSu	48.8 ± 0.7	29.0 ± 0.5	32.7 ± 0.7	42.1 ± 0.7	48.5 ± 1.2	dark peach	16–1532 TCX
SSm	48.7 ± 0.4	44.8 ± 0.3	44.9 ± 0.4	18.0 ± 0.5	48.4 ± 0.9	rasberry	18–1624

Table 5. Spectrophotometric and pantone measurements of color – linen and silk samples dyed with madder MR extract using the conventional method.

Sample	Spectophotometric analysis results					Color	PANTONE®
	L*	a*	b*	c*	h*
CLu	78.7 ± 0.4	11.5 ± 0.3	11.2 ± 0.2	16.1 ± 0.4	44.2 ± 0.8	Light peach skin	14–1907 TCX
CLm	47.5 ± 0.4	34.4 ± 0.2	15.0 ± 0.3	37.5 ± 0.2	23.6 ± 1.2	Mineral red	17–1537 TCX
CSu	70.0 ± 0.5	16.3 ± 0.3	34.9 ± 0.4	38.6 ± 0.8	5.0 ± 0.1	Peach	13–1027 TCX
CSm	31.6 ± 0.3	40.3 ± 0.2	24.0 ± 0.3	46.9 ± 0.7	30.7 ± 0.5	light burgundy	19–1655 TCX

Figure 5. Linen and silk fabrics dyed with supercritical extract MR.

Figure 6. Linen and silk fabrics dyed with supercritical extract MR – conventional method.

Table 6. Fastness properties for dyed linen and silk fabrics in a supercritical carbon method technology.

					Rub fastness			Perspiration fastness
			Wash fastness		Dry		Wet	Alkaline		Acidic
Samples	CO2	Light fastness	CC	CS	CC	CS	CC	CC	CS	CC	CS
SLu SLm SSu SSm	CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2	5 5 4 5	4–5 4–5 3–4 4–5	5 5 5 5	4–5 4–5 4–5 4–5	3– 4 4–5 3–4 4–5	5 5 5 5	4 4 4 4–5	5 5 5 5	4 4 4 4	5 5 5 5

Table 7. Fastness properties for dyed linen and silk fabric by conventional methods – extract Madder MR.

					Rub fastness			Perspiration fastness
			Wash fastness		Dry		Wet	Alkaline		Acidic
Samples	Mordants	Light fastness	CC	CS	CC	CS	CC	CC	CS	CC	CS
CLu CLm CSu CSm	– alum/Oak galls – alum	4 4 3 4	4–5 4 3–4 4	4 4 4 4	4–5 4–5 3–4 4	4–4 4–5 3–4 3–4	4 4 4 4	4 4 4 4	5 4 4 4	4 4 4 4	5 5 5 4

Figure 7. Children linen collection – fabrics – unmordanted.

Figure 8. Children linen collection – fabrics – mordanted (alum and galas).

Figure 9. Woman linen collection.