Effect of the Bambusa vulgaris, Gigantochloa levis, and Gigantochloa scortechinii Pulp Loading on Mechanical Properties of Recycled Paper

Figures & data

Figure 1. Bamboo forest distribution and the overlapping with the climate zones (Huang, Sun, and Musso 2017).

Table 1. TAPPI official methods for paper mechanical testing.

Paper Mechanical testing	TAPPI Official Methods
Tearing index	T414 om-98 (TAPPI 1998)
Folding endurance	T511 om-96 (TAPPI 1996)
Tensile index	T494 om-01 (TAPPI 2001)
Bursting index	T403 om-97 (TAPPI 1997)

Figure 2. (a) fiber diameter and lumen diameter, and (b) fiber length under light microscopy.

Table 2. Comparison of morphological properties between species.

Species	DF	Characteristic (µm)
		FL(mm)	FD(µm)	LD(µm)	CWT(µm)	FP(µm)	RR(µm)
B. Vulgaris	2	3.05^a	13.30^a	5.90^a	3.70^a	247.37^b	1.37^b
G. Levis	2	3.28^b	15.84^b	8.53^c	3.65^a	219.70^a	0.94^a
G. Scortechinii	2	3.70^c	15.44^b	6.55^b	4.45^b	253.78^b	1.61^c

Common letter(s) in the same column are not significantly different.

FL (Fiber length), FD (Fiber diameter), LD (Lumen diameter), CWT (Cell wall thickness), FP (Felting power), RR (Runkel ratio).

Table 3. Mechanical properties of recycle paper mixing with bamboo fiber with different percentages.

Sample (Percentage virgin pulp added)	Burst Index (kPa.m^2/g)	Folding Endurance (double folds)	Tearing Index (mN.m^2/g)	Tensile Index (Nm/g)
AUR 2.50%	2.42 ± 0.14	7 ± 1.69	6.96 ± 1.03	27.56 ± 2.02
5%	2.62 ± 0.15	12 ± 0.89	6.92 ± 0.36	29.44 ± 3.57
7.50%	2.82 ± 0.13	14 ± 2.27	7.35 ± 0.84	33.28 ± 2.08
10%	2.87 ± 0.10	15 ± 1.83	7.98 ± 0.46	32.02 ± 2.11
BTG 2.5%	2.54 ± 0.21	9 ± 1.04	7.03 ± 0.32	30.07 ± 1.45
5%	2.72 ± 0.14	11 ± 1.38	7.30 ± 0.34	30.73 ± 2.18
7.50%	2.77 ± 0.11	13 ± 4.52	7.66 ± 0.52	31.10 ± 2.70
10%	2.81 ± 0.13	15 ± 2.32	7.88 ± 0.54	32.40 ± 2.52
SMT 2.50%	2.47 ± 0.12	9 ± 2.27	7.27 ± 0.79	27.47 ± 2.06
5%	2.74 ± 0.17	11 ± 1.90	7.36 ± 0.60	30.99 ± 2.57
7.50%	2.80 ± 0.07	12 ± 1.83	7.46 ± 0.38	32.01 ± 3.24
10%	3.17 ± 0.23	14 ± 1.15	8.27 ± 1.16	32.08 ± 3.12
Recycle paper	2.27 ± 0.17	7 ± 2.51	5.98 ± 0.89	24.86 ± 1.89

AUR (Aur bamboo), BTG (Beting bamboo), SMT (Semantan bamboo).

Table 4. Increment percentages on paper mechanical properties of recycled pulp after added with the bamboo pulp.

Sample	Burst Index Increment (%)	Folding EnduranceIncrement (%)	Tearing Index Increment (%)	Tensile Index Increment (%)
AUR 2.50%	6.61	0.00	16.39	10.86
5%	15.42	71.43	15.72	18.42
7.50%	24.23	100.00	22.91	33.87
10%	26.43	114.29	33.44	28.80
BTG 2.5%	11.89	28.57	17.56	20.96
5%	19.82	57.14	22.07	23.61
7.50%	22.03	85.71	28.09	25.10
10%	23.79	114.29	31.77	30.33
SMT 2.50%	8.81	28.57	21.57	10.50
5%	20.70	57.14	23.08	24.66
7.50%	23.35	71.43	24.75	28.76
10%	39.65	100.00	38.29	29.04

AUR (Aur bamboo), BTG (Beting bamboo), SMT (Semantan bamboo).

Figure 3. Effect of burst index upon the addition of bamboo virgin pulp.

Figure 4. Effect of folding endurance upon the addition of virgin bamboo pulp.

Figure 5. Effect of the tensile index upon the addition of virgin bamboo pulp.

Figure 6. Effect of tearing index upon addition virgin bamboo pulp.

Huang, Z., Y. Sun, and F. Musso 2017. “Assessment on Bamboo Scrimber as a Substitute for Timber in Building Envelope in Tropical and Humid Subtropical Climate Zones - Part 2 Performance in Building Envelope.” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 264, 012007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/264/1/012007

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