Extraction and Characterization of Natural Fiber from the Stem of Dombeya Buettneri Plant for Biodegradable Polymeric Composites Application

Figures & data

Figure 1. Macroscopic image of (a) Dombeya buettneri plant, (b) stem, (c) bark, and (d) fibers.

Table 1. Tensile properties of Dombeya and other natural fibers.

	Dombeya	Ramie	Bamboo	Castor oil fiber
Linear density (tex)	22.15 ± 0.98	0.8	5.12–95.02	4.5–13.5
Max. breaking force (N)	32.90 ± 6.52	-	1–14.46	-
Breaking elongation (%)	0.85 ± 0.07	3.85	0.26–3.43	1.2–5
Tenacity (cN/tex)	148.53	52.3	1.2–146.5	57.8–86.9
References		(a)	(b)	(c)

(a) (Soraisham et al. 2022); (b) (Asmarea et al. 2022); (c) (Belachew, Gebino, and Haile 2021).

Table 2. Quantitative chemical composition of DBF fibers and other cellulosic fibers reported in literature.

Fiber	Cellulose	Hemicellulose	Lignin	Extractives	Moisture	Ash	Reference
Dombeya buettneri fiber	58.45	11.07	14.45	4.05	8.54	3.35	PW
Corypha taliera fruit fiber	55.1	21.78	17.6	-	7.1	-	(a)
Pigeon pea (cajanus cajan) pod fiber	59.15	10.43	21.59	0.49	5.29	3.05	(b)
Acacia nilotica L. Fiber	56.46	14.14	8.33	-	-	4.95	(c)
Cortaderia Selloana Grass	53.7	14.43	10.32	3.1	7.6	-	(d)
Citrullus lanatus climber	53.7	12.5	10.1	3.2	14.0	2.17	(e)
Vachellia farnesiana	38.3	12.1	9.2	3.4	11.0	6.21	(f)
Dichrostachys cinerea fiber	72.4	13.08	16.89	0.57	9.87	3.97	(g)

PW – Present Work, (a) (Tamanna et al. 2021), (b) (Shyam Kumar et al. 2019), (c) (Kumar et al. 2020), (d) (Khan et al., 2020b), (e) (Khan et al., 2020a), (f) (Vijay et al. 2020), (g) (Baskaran et al. 2017).

Figure 2. FTIR spectrograms of Dombeya buettneri fiber.

Table 3. FTIR functional groups and respective fiber components in DBF fiber.

FTIR peak (cm^−1)	Functional group	Fiber component	References
3282	O – H stretching	α-cellulose	(Chandrasekar et al. 2017)
2939	C – H stretching; vibration of CH2 and CH	Hemicellulose and cellulose	(Kumar and Thampi 2015)
1612	C=C aromatic stretch vibration	Lignin	(Maache et al. 2017)
1421	C – H stretching	Lignin	(Hemmalakshmi, Priyanga, and Devaki, 2017)
1317	C – H symmetric and asymmetric stretching	Hemicellulose	(Maache et al. 2017)
1248	C = O and O – C–O	Lignin	(Maache et al. 2017)
1018	O – C–O asymmetric stretch vibration	Cellulose	(Maache et al. 2017)
517	β-glycosidic rings	Cellulose	(Fan, Dai, and Huan 2012)

Table 4. Comparison of DBF fiber functional groups with those other cellulosic fibers.

Band range	DBF	Sisal	Coir	UL*	CTF*	MF*	MR*	Functional group(s)
3700–3000	3282	3284	3358	3337	3417	3402	3429	O – H stretching
2900–2800	2938	-	2920	2922	2833	2921	2923	C – H stretching; vibration of CH2 and CH
1780–1690	-	1727	1724	1738	1740	1732	1770	C=O stretching
1680–1555	1612	1597	1605	1591	1641	1636	1629	C=C aromatic stretch vibration
1508–1396	1421	1498	1460	1458	1518	1508	1506	C – H stretching
1370–1317	1317	1367	-	1370	1366	1379	1376	C – H symmetric and asymmetric stretching
1270–1190	1248	1238	1242	1237	1258	1252	1246	C = O and O – C–O
1185–1040	1018	1028	1035	1151	1026	1168	1164	O – C–O asymmetric stretch vibration
899–527	517	893	897	899	813	894	897	C=C bending
Reference	PW	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)	(f)

PW – present work; (a) (Benítez-Guerrero et al., 2017); (b) (Ichim et al. 2022); (c) (Njoku et al., 2020); (d) (Tamanna et al. 2021); (e) (Lila et al. 2020); (f) (Ding et al. 2022).

CTF – Corypha taliera fruit; UL – Urena lobata; MF – Munja fibers; MR-manau rattan stem fibers.

Figure 3. XRD spectrum of Dombeya buettneri stem fiber.

Table 5. Crystallographic properties of Dombeya buettneri stem fiber.

2θ (200) (°)		2θ (Amorphous) (°)		CrI, %	% Crystalline	Crystallite size, nm
Degree	Intensity (I200)	Degree	Intensity (Iam)	62.32	72.63	2.16
25.81	1693.80	21.58	638.28

Figure 4. Thermograms (TG) and differential thermograms (DTG) curves of DBF fiber.

Figure 5. SEM images of Dombeya buettneri fiber at different magnifications.

Figure 6. EDX spectrum of DBF fiber.

Table 6. Elemental analysis of DBF fiber.

Element	Weight (%)	Error (%)
C	34.13	±1.19
O	50.66	±0.82
Na	0.77	±0.12
Mg	0.92	±0.08
P	0.84	±0.11
Cl	0.79	±0.12
K	6.44	±0.42
Ca	5.46	±0.48

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