Physical, Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of Sida Rhombifolia Fibers from the Center Region of Cameroon for their potential use in textiles and composites

Figures & data

Figure 1. Extraction of sida rhombifolia fibers by cold water retting; (a) Dipping; (b) extraction (c) washing.

Figure 2. Extraction of Sida Rhombifolia fibers by boiling water; (a) cooking the stems; (b) isolated bark of the stems (c) scraped bark.

Figure 3. Single fiber support.

Table 1. Properties of sida rhombifolia fibers compared to other plant fibers.

Fibers	Density (g.cm^−3)	Water absorption (%)	water content (%)	References
Sisal	1.5	190–250	5–10	(Asim et al. 2015; Beakou et al. 2008)
Banana tree	0.32–0.66	232–396	11.26–13.20	(Libog et al. 2021)
Ananas Comosus (AC)	1.256–1.526	188.64	12–12.21	(Asim et al. 2015; Betene et al. 2020; Uddin et al. 2017)
Triumfeta Cordifolia (TC)	1.16–1.477	342.3	-	(Mewoli et al. 2020)
Triumfeta Pentandra (TP)	0.351	183.31	11.23	(Nkapleweh et al. 2022)
Sida Rhombifolia	1.32–1.38	-	10.54	(Dydimus Efeze et al. 2012; Gopinath et al. 2016)
Recktophillum Camerunense (RC)	0.63–0.947	198.17	7.5–9.37	(Betene et al. 2020)
Neuropeltis Acuminata (NA)	0.843–0.918	276.16	10.36	(Betene et al. 2020)
Cotton	1.5–1.6	-	8–25	(Aizi 2017; Asim et al. 2015)
Hemp	1.15–1.45	-	6.2–12	(Aizi 2017; Asim et al. 2015)
Sida Rhombifolia Fibers extracted by cold water (SDR-R)	1.330 ± 0.03	118.53 ± 16.97	11.73 ± 0.44	Present Study
Sida Rhombifolia Fibers Extracted by boiling water (SDR-C)	1.351 ± 0.048	225.12 ± 15.67	13.28 ± 0.61	Present Study

Figure 4. Sida rhombifolia fibers extracted by cold water retting (SDR-R) and boiling water (SDR-C).

Figure 5. Evolution of the FTIR spectrum of Sida Rhombifolia fibers extracted according to the extraction technique; (a) fibers extracted with boiling water; (b) fibers extracted with cold water retting.

Table 2. Chemical composition of plant fibers.

Fibers	Cellulose (%)	Hemicellulose (%)	Lignin (%)	Pectin (%)	References
Sisal	65.8	12	9.9	0.8	(Youmssi et al. 2017)
Banana tree	37.5	27.6	15	5.15	(Sango et al. 2018)
Ananas Comosus (AC)	68.11	4.9	12.01	4.15	(Betene et al. 2020)
Triumfeta Cordifolia (TC)	44.4	30.8	18.9	3.3	(Mewoli et al. 2020)
Linen	64.1	16.7	2	1.8	(Baley 2021)
Sida rhombifolia	75.09	15.43	7.48	-	(Gopinath et al. 2016)
Recktophillum camerunense (RC)	65.15	7.42	16.2	3.45	(Betene et al. 2020)
Triumfeta Pentandra (TP)	61.10	14.30	17.73	5.65	(Nkapleweh et al. 2022)
Neuropeltis Acuminata (NA)	36.08	15. 33	25.15	7.69	(Betene et al. 2020)
Sida Rhombifolia Fibers extracted by cold water retting (SDR-R)	70.16	16.70	10.86	1.47	Present Study
Sida Rhombifolia Fibers Extracted by boiling water (SDR-C)	68.71	17.48	11.26	2.01	Present Study

Figure 6. Mechanical tensile behavior of Sida Rhombifolia fibers; (a) fibers extracted by cold water retting; (b) fibers extracted by boiling water; (c) linear regression line for a sample of fiber extracted by cold water retting.

Figure 7. Evolution diagram of the mechanical properties of fibers;(a) tenacity and Young’s modulus; (b) strain at break.

Table 3. Student’s t-test: difference between cold and boiling extraction techniques in mechanical properties.

Fibers	Young’s modulus (GPa)	Tenacity (N.tex^−1)	Strain at break
Sida Rhombifolia Fibers Extracted by boiling water (SDR-C)	9.58 ± 2.21	0.45 ± 0.13	0.0611 ± 0.0147
Sida Rhombifolia Fibers extracted by cold water retting (SDR-R)	8.47 ± 1.28	0.54 ± 0.12	0.0453 ± 0.0102
	P-value = 0.025	P-value = 0.033	P-value = 0.015

Table 4. Comparison of sida rhombifolia fiber properties with literature.

Fibers	Young’s modulus (GPa)	Tenacity (N.tex^−1)	Strain at break	References
Cotton	12	0.14–0.43	0.07–0.08	(Dydimus Efeze et al. 2020; Mohammed et al. 2015)
Jute	10–30	1.5–1.8	0.0012–0.0024
Linen	60–80	0.17–0.55	0.027–0.032
Ramie	-	0.24	0.036–0.038
Sida Rhombifolia	9.173	-	0.0989	(Dydimus Efeze et al. 2012)
Banana pseudo stem	6.60–34.74	-	0.009–0.0283	(Chengoué et al. 2020; Libog et al. 2021, 2023)
Sida Rhombifolia Fibers Extracted by boiling water (SDR-C)	9.58 ± 2.21	0.45 ± 0.13	0,0611 ± 0.0147	Present Study
Sida Rhombifolia Fibers extracted by cold water retting (SDR-R)	8.47 ± 1.28	0.54 ± 0.12	0.0453 ± 0.0142	Present Study

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