Overview of Natural Fiber-Based Packaging Materials

Figures & data

Figure 1. Timeline of paper-based packaging.

Figure 2. Raw materials of fiber-based products.

Table 1. Fiber length of non-wood fibers.

Raw materials	Fiber length (mm)	Reference
Bamboo	2.0	Ferdous et al. (2021)
Banana leaf	1.92	Ferdous et al. (2021)
Barley straw	0.91	Plazonić et al. (2020)
Canola stalks	1.17	Enayati et al. (2009)
Corn stalks	0.9	Ferdous et al. (2021)
Cotton stalks	0.9	Ferdous et al. (2021)
Jute fiber	2.02	Ferdous et al. (2021)
Kapok fiber	0.64	Leh et al. (2021)
Kaun straw	0.81	Ferdous et al. (2020)
Kenaf bast fiber	2.21	Ahmed et al. (2018)
Rice straw	0.78	Ferdous et al. (2020)
Sugarcane bagasse	1.13–1.23	Sanjuán et al. (2001)
Triticale straw	0.93	Plazonić et al. (2020)
Wheat straw	0.83–0.97	Plazonić et al. (2020), Ferdous et al. (2020)

Figure 3. Natural sources of biopolymers.

Table 2. Mechanical properties of papers made from different raw materials.

Raw material	Tensile index (N·m/g)	Tear index (mN·m2/g)	Burst index (kPa·m2/g)	Reference
30% wheat straw + 70% recycled fiber	41.02	9.57	13.41	Plazonić et al. (2020)
30% barley straw + 70% recycled fiber	40.31	8.54	13.05	Plazonić et al. (2020)
30% triticale straw + 70% recycled fiber	41.15	10.03	13.03	Plazonić et al. (2020)
50% softwood kraft + 50% recycled	44.61	6.29	2.25	Gulsoy and Erenturk (2017);
50% softwood kraft + 50% recycled + 0.75% chationic starch	58.08	6.70	3.03	Gulsoy and Erenturk (2017);
Bagasse	42.46	4.14	2.62	Hamzeh et al. (2013)
Bamboo	25.8	12.1	1.2	Ferdous et al. (2021)
Coated rice straw paper with Longan Peel Extract (10%)	32.98	-	-	Chollakup et al. (2021)
Coated rice straw paper with Longan Peel Extract (15%)	32.67	-	-	Chollakup et al. (2021)
Coated rice straw paper with Longan Peel Extract (20%)	36.20	-	-	Chollakup et al. (2021)
Rice straw paper	32.26	-	-	Chollakup et al. (2021)
Starch coated rice straw paper	33.05	-	-	Chollakup et al. (2021)
Corn stalks	52.39	6.85	2.82	Ferdous et al. (2021)
Cotton stalks	25.2	5.6	1	Ferdous et al. (2021)
Jute fiber	28.9	18.7	2.2	Ferdous et al. (2021)
Kaun straw	42.2	5.0	2.14	Ferdous et al. (2020)
Pre-extracted bagasse	49.33	4.06	2.78	Hamzeh et al. (2013)
Recycled kraft liner	20.9	7.39	3.93	Leh et al. (2021)
Recycled kraft liner + 5% (w/w) kapok fiber	20.1	8.02	4.10	Leh et al. (2021)
Wheat straw	54.5	5.6	3.21	Ferdous et al. (2020)

Figure 4. Types of smart packaging system.

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