Impact of Weft Yarn Structure and Fiber Type on Weft Yarn Velocity and Twist Loss in Air-Jet Weaving: A Critical Review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Air jet weft insertion system (Szabó and Szabó 2012).

Figure 2. Force acting on a moving weft in air flow (Patkó, Szabó, and Oroszlány 2010).

Figure 3. The layout of measuring the skin friction coefficient (Patkó, Szabó, and Oroszlány 2010).

Figure 4. Structure of yarns (a) ring, (b) rotor, (c) air-jet, and (d) OE-friction spun yarns (Rengasamy et al. 2008).

Figure 5. (a) velocity distribution for fine and course yarn (Adanur and Mohamed 1988) and (b) effect of yarn count on weft speed at 4.1 bar, 300 rpm (Adanur and Turel 2004).

Figure 6. Ring-spun (harness) and rotor-spun (voluminous) effect on weft yarn speeds (Admas and Ayele 2023).

Figure 7. (a) effect of twist on weft velocity (Adanur and Mohamed 1988) and (b) effect of twist on weft velocity at 4.1 bar. 300 rpm (Adanur and Turel 2004).

Figure 8. Effect of fiber type and manufacturing method on the weft speed at 3.4 bar, 300 rpm (Adanur and Turel 2004).

Table 1. Regression and correlation coefficients between yarn speed and yarn structural parameters (Githaiga, Vangheluwe, and Kiekens 2000).

Parameter	Coefficient of Factors (A, Bi, Cij)	Std err. of the factors	P-value
Intercept (A)	9.092.48	10.45605	0.400
Twist	0.072.68	0.02133	0.004
Count× twist	−0.00043	0.00014	0.009
CV	0.44814	0.20359	0.046
Long hair× mean dia.	0.45140	0.32691	0.190
Twist× long hairs	−0.0009	0.00064	0.181
Long hairs	0.41879	0.39668	0.310

Count× twist: interaction term between count and twist of the yarn.

Long hairs× Mean dia.: interaction term between long hairs and optical mean diameter.

Twist× Long hairs: interaction term between twist and long hairs.

Figure 9. Impact of ring-spun (hairiness) and rotor-spun (voluminous) on weft yarn twist loss (Admas and Ayele 2023).

Figure 10. Effect of cotton polyester bled ratio on; (a) twist loss and (b) strength loss of the weft yarn (Ketema and Ayele 2023).

Table 2. The summarized findings and scholars argument, and highlight as a foundation for further research and development in the field (Adanur and Turel 2004; Ademe and Ferede Tesema 2018; Admas and Ayele 2023; Brun, Corti, and Pozzetti 2008; Ketema and Ayele 2023).

Weft yarn structure	Effect on weft velocity	Effect on twist loss	Arguments	Remarks
Count	Thin weft yarns have significantly higher velocities than thick weft yarns because of the inverse relationship between the yarn mass and acceleration Vs. Coarser yarns have more hairiness, require less air pressure for propulsion during weft insertion, and have higher speed and twist loss than finer yarns	As the yarn fineness is increased, the twist loss also increases because of the potential energy, and compressed air both untwists the yarn itself and accelerates the twist loss process. Vs. Coarser yarns are more hairy, generate a higher drag force, and have a higher twist loss than finer yarns. In another way, owing to the weight being exposed for a long period of time inside the shed.	However, whether the hairiness effect of courser count or mass effect of courser count significantly impacts weft yarn speed and twist loss has not yet been investigated.	Therefore, future research should consider this aspect for the same spinning system.
Twist	They found that increasing the yarn twist leads to decreased hairiness and voluminous of yarn, reducing weft speed, and vice versa Vs. The degree of dependence of hairiness and voluminous on yarn twist.	They revealed that increasing the yarn twist decreases hairiness and voluminous of yarn, thereby reducing twist loss and vice versa. Vs. The degree of dependence of hairiness and voluminous on yarn twist	However, whether the effect of twist on hairiness or the effect of twist on voluminous has significantly impacted the weft speed and twist loss in air jet weaving has not yet been investigated.	Future research should consider this aspect
Hairiness and voluminous	More hairy yarns insert more quickly due to the high yarn to air friction caused by the dragging force Vs. Larger-diameter yarns have a higher rate of insertion because of the increased contact area between the yarn surface and air drag, resulting in a higher frictional force.	More hairy yarns lost their twist more quickly owing to the high yarn-to-air friction caused by the dragging force. Vs. Larger diameter yarns have higher twist loss due to increased contact area between the yarn surface and air drag, resulting in higher frictional force	The study concluded that yarn hairiness had a greater impact on the insertion speed and twist loss than rotor-spun yarn with a slightly larger diameter.	(Admas and Ayele 2023)
Fiber type and blending ratio	The velocity of the continuous filament yarn was significantly lower than that of the cotton-spun yarn owing to their structural differences. Vs. The textured continuous filament yarn is a fluffy surface and therefore, has a high frictional force when subjected to air and weft speeds.	Polyester yarns lost more twist and strength than cotton and its blend because of their higher flexural rigidity, which stored more potential energy. Vs. Polyester yarn and its blend have a higher strength than cotton, leading to the production of a strong fabric.	However, whether the effect of polyester fiber twist and strength loss or the strength of polyester fiber has a greater impact on the strength and durability of air jet woven fabrics has not yet been investigated.	Future research should explore these aspects by considering the importance of processing filament yarn in air jet systems compared to water jet systems.
Interaction effect of weft yarn structure	The interaction effects of yarn structural parameters on weft speed, including twist, count, fiber type, and hairiness, have not been thoroughly investigated.	Scholars have not yet explored the interaction effects of yarn structural parameters such as twist and count, fiber type, and volume on twist loss.	Complex interaction effects and limited research in this regard.	This study suggests that future research should explore the interaction effect of yarn structural parameters on weft speed and twist loss.
Yarn hairiness, and fineness	As yarn fineness and hairiness increase the weft yarn speed, a lower air pressure is required to insert finer and hairy yarns than coarse and smooth yarns. As a result, both air and fabric manufacturing costs decreased.	As yarn fineness and hairiness increase, the twist and strength loss increase, which has a negative impact on the fabric strength, uniform dying, air permeability, thickness, and durability of the air jet woven fabric.	Use hairy and fine yarn whenever it has a higher twist and strength loss because the air jet loom weft insertion operates on the dragging force principle and processes light-to-medium fabrics.	The mitigation of twisting and strength loss with alternative systems should be the focus of future research.

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