PM2.5 and CO Concentrations Inside an Indoor Go-Kart Facility

Abstract

Three acute cardiovascular events within a 4-month period among drivers at an indoor go-kart arena prompted a visit to assess the magnitude of potentially hazardous air pollutant levels within the facility and help identify control measures. Carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters < 2.5 μ m (PM2.5) were measured with personal, continuous-reading instruments to capture their spatial and temporal variability. Average driver and track CO levels during the sampling visit were comparable to state standards for worker exposures and exceeded some health-based guidelines. Average PM2.5 levels were low compared with regulatory standards, but transient PM2.5 peaks of unknown health impact were observed. Driver exposures were modestly but significantly higher than track concentrations measured by stationary monitors and substantially higher than outdoor concentrations. Driver exposures were partitioned into three components, attributed to (1) outdoor pollutants that were drawn unfiltered into the facility, (2) the persistent track cloud from previous races, and (3) proximity to the exhausts of other go-karts while driving in a race. Track cloud and tailpipe proximity components were the dominant contributors to driver CO exposure. The track cloud component lagged the number of go-karts on the track by 10–15 min. The dominant contributor to driver PM2.5 exposure was either the track cloud or outdoor component, depending on how many go-karts were racing simultaneously on the track. Transient spikes in PM2.5 were caused by proximity to other karts' tailpipes during passing events. Recommended methods for decreasing the track cloud component include modifying the ventilation system, race schedules, and number of go-karts racing simultaneously. The tailpipe proximity component can be reduced only by modifying go-kart exhausts or engines. This work represents a brief, limited sampling visit to a single facility, but it demonstrates the levels that are possible on a fairly high-usage afternoon. Future studies should be conducted to assess representative go-kart facility exposures at multiple facilities on multiple days.

Keywords:

• carbon monoxide
• indoor air quality
• indoor sports arenas
• personal monitoring
• PM2.5

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank Rupa Das, Elizabeth Katz, Rick Kreutzer, Janet Macher, Barbara Materna, Maurice Oberg, Jed Waldman, Stephen Wall, and Gayle Windham at the California Department of Public Health; the CALICO laboratory of Cal/OSHA; and Sheryl Lyss and Randolph Daley at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for helpful conversations and the use of their air monitoring instruments. The authors also thank the management and employees of the go-kart facility for their cooperation and receptiveness throughout this study.

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.