Socially responsible behaviors in extreme contexts: comparing cases of economic sanctions, COVID-19 pandemic, and internal war

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics for Iranian sample.

	Male	Female
Gender	63.4%	36.6%
	High-school diploma	Attended college	Bachelor’s degree	Attended graduate school	Master’s degree or higher
Education	9.9%	16.4%	32.2%	27.7%	13.7%
	2 million to 2.999 million Toman (US$200–300)	3 million to 3.999 million Toman (US$300–400)	4 million to 4.999 million Toman (US$400–500)	More than 5 million Toman (more than US$500)
Income	36.3%	29.1%	15.4 %	19.2%

Table 2. Descriptive statistics for Peruvian sample.

	Male	Female
Gender	37.9%	62.1%
	Primary and secondary school	High school diploma	Attended college	Bachelor’s degree	Attended graduate school	Master’s degree
Education	12.8%	19.9%	16.0%	26.1%	15.0%	10.1%
	Up to US$1,000	US$1,001–2,000	US$2,001–3,000	US$3,000
Income	25.5%	31.0%	26.5%	17.0%

Table 3. Descriptive statistics for Afghanistani sample.

	Male	Female
Gender	59.7%	41.3%
	Primary education	Middle school or Maktabeh Motevaseteh	Secondary education or Doreyeh Aali	Bachlor’s degree	Master’s degree or higher
Education	8.2%	24.6%	30.6%	17.9%	18.7%
	From 5,000–7,999 Afghani (US$70–110)	8,000 and 10,999 Afghani (US$111–145)	11,000–13,999 Afghani (US$146–180)	More than 14,000 Afghani (more than US$180)
Income	35.8%	41.8%	10.4%	11.9%

Table 4. Means, standard deviations, and correlations (using data from Afghanistan).

	Mean	S.D	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. Age	39.17	8.794	1
2. Gender	1.414	0.494	–0.069	1
3. Education	3.142	1.221	–0.019	–0.071	1
4. Tenure	10.848	7.729	0.516**	–0.075	0.067	1
5. Income	2.097	1.047	0.163	–0.003	–0.023	0.047	1
6. Proactive	4.212	1.643	0.241**	–0.111	0.123	0.281**	–0.066	1
7. Danger	3.553	1.125	0.077	–0.028	0.061	0.218*	–0.087	0.565**	1
8. Sustainability	3.360	0.904	0.227**	–0.183*	0.137	0.287**	–0.210*	0.438**	0.426**	1
9. Societal	4.109	1.755	0.120	–0.090	–0.002	0.154	–0.187*	0.407**	0.376**	0.548**

**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Table 5. Regression analyses using Iran’s data.

	Societal behaviors			Sustainable behaviors
	M1	M2	VIF	M3	M4	VIF
1. Age	–.013	–.014	1.492	.006	.005	1.492
2. Gender	–.007	.032	1.070	–.008	.025	1.070
3. Education	.287**	.238**	1.143	.156**	.114*	1.143
4. Tenure	.034†	.026	1.419	.016	.009	1.419
5. Income	–.256**	–.226*	1.129	–.082	–.057	1.129
6. Proactive		.316***	1.039		.267***	1.039
R^2	.065	.138		.058	.206
Adj. R^2	.044	.115		.037	.185
F	3.12**	5.96***		2.79*	9.701***
Sample size	N = 292			N = 292

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; †p < 0.10. 

Coefficient estimates (in bold) shows the significant effect of independent variable on dependent variables.

Table 6. Regression analyses using Peru’s data.

	Societal behaviors			Sustainable behaviors
	M1	M2	VIF	M3	M4	VIF
1. Age	–.025*	–.025*	1.174	–.006	-.006	1.174
2. Gender	.238	.181	1.017	.651***	.603***	1.017
3. Education	.172**	.146**	1.038	.077	.055	1.038
4. Tenure	.004	.003	1.162	.018	.018	1.162
5. Income	.529***	.482***	1.025	.128	.088	1.025
6. Proactive		.373***	1.025		.311***	1.025
R^2	.170	.256		.063	.130
Adj. R^2	.156	.241		.047	.112
F	12.26***	17.12***		4.02*	4.42***
Sample size	N = 306			N = 306

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; †p < 0.10.

Coefficient estimates (in bold) shows the significant effect of independent variable on dependent variables.

Figure 1. Interaction effect of employees’ proactive personality and perceived danger on their societal behaviors.

Table 7. Regression analyses using Afghanistan data.

	Societal behaviors					Sustainable behaviors
	M1	M2	M3	VIF	M4	M5	M6	VIF
1. Age	.017	.008	.016	1.614	.014	.010	.011	1.614
2. Gender	–.320	–.197	–.278	1.040	–.256†	–.194	–.220†	1.040
3. Education	–.030	–.084	–.085	1.030	.083	.056	.063	1.030
4. Tenure	.034	.019	.016	1.616	.023*	.015	.011	1.616
5. Income	–.342*	–.287*	–.301*	1.048	–.207**	–.179**	–.168**	1.048
6. Proactive		.383***	–.541†	2.151		.193***	.101†	2.151
7. Danger			–.651†	2.144			.182*	2.144
8. Proactive × Danger			.235**	1.179			–.040	1.179
R^2	.090	.210	.262		.171	.280	.308
Adj. R^2	.055	.172	.214		.139	.245	.264
F	2.55**	5.62***	5.54***		5.292***	8.211***	9.60***
Sample size	N = 172					N = 172

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; †p < 0.10