Fluctuations in food and fluid intake during a 24-h World Championship: analysis of the deviation from nutritional programs

Figures & data

Figure 1. Individual race individual. M: man, W: woman, WR: world record.

Figure 1. (Continued).

Table 1. List of foods and fluids consumed by participants

Solid Food	Solid Food	Caloric Fluids
Fruits [10]	Biscuit [1]	Soda [9]
Cereal bar [7]	Chocolate [1]	High-CHO sport drink [5]
Protein bar [5]	Potato [1]	Chicken broth [5]
Cold meat [3]	Marzipan [1]	Fruit juice [5]
Sweet potatoes [3]	Rice [1]	High-PRO sport drink [2]
Cheese [3]	Bread [1]	Energy drink [1]
Nuts [3]	Cheese sandwich [1]
Rice pudding [2]	Soft Food	Non caloric fluids
Cracker [2]	Stewed apples [8]	Water [11]
Fruit bar [2]	Mashed potatoes [4]	Sparkling water [8]
Gingerbread [2]	Energy gel [4]	Coffee [6]
Cake [2]	High-protein cream [2]	Tea [1]
Savory cake [1]	Honey [1]

The number of participants having consumed an item is indicated in brackets

Table 2. Evolution of environmental variables, pacing, instances of consumption, and intake per lap during the race

	0–6 h	6–12 h	12–18 h	18–24 h
General outcomes
Temperature (°C)	22.3 [18.2 – 24.3]	19.8 [16.1 – 23.6]	14.1 [13.3 – 15.1]	13.5 [12.2 – 16.5]
Hygrometry (%)	54.3 [47.2 – 62.9]	63.0 [48.4 – 79.4]	88.1 [84.6 – 91.3]	90.6 [83.0 – 92.7]
WBGT (°C)	21.6 [18.4 – 23.1]	16.6 [14.3 – 19.7]	13.2 [12.4 – 13.7]	12.9 [11.3 – 17.3]
Speed (km.h^−1)*	11.0 ± 0.9	10.0 ± 0.9^αα	9.4 ± 1.1^ααα	8.5 ± 1.5^αααβββγ
Laps completed (n)*	44.3 ± 3.7	40.0 ± 3.8^αα	37.3 ± 5.0^ααα	33.5 ± 6.2^αααβββγγ
Instances of consumption
Water	12.6 ± 8.2	11.3 ± 7.1	9.3 ± 6.9	7.3 ± 5.6^αααβ
Caloric drink	10.4 ± 7.0	10.2 ± 6.4	8.6 ± 7.0	7.4 ± 6.6^αβ
Total fluid	23.0 ± 7.2	21.5 ± 8.2	17.9 ± 8.0^ααα	14.6 ± 8.1^αααβββ
Solid food	4.6 ± 3.6	4.9 ± 3.8	5.0 ± 5.5	2.4 ± 2.5
Soft food	4.2 ± 4.6	5.6 ± 4.9	4.5 ± 3.7	3.3 ± 4.6
Total food	8.8 ± 4.9	10.5 ± 5.8	9.5 ± 4.6	5.6 ± 4.5
All foods and fluid	31.8 ± 8.3	32.0 ± 10.2	27.4 ± 9.4	20.3 ± 9.0^αααβββγ
Frequency of intake (%)
Water	29 ± 21	29 ± 22	26 ± 22	24 ± 21
Caloric drink	24 ± 15	25 ± 16	22 ± 17	20 ± 18
Total fluid	53 ± 18	55 ± 23	48 ± 21	44 ± 25^β
Solid food	11 ± 9	12 ± 9	14 ± 16	7 ± 8
Soft food	9 ± 10	14 ± 13	12 ± 11	9 ± 12
Total food	20 ± 10	27 ± 15	26 ± 14	16 ± 12
All foods and fluid	73 ± 20	81 ± 30	74 ± 28	60 ± 26^ββγ
Intake per lap
Water (mL)	60 ± 40	65 ± 39	62 ± 40	46 ± 31
Caloric drink (mL)	44 ± 41	58 ± 48	43 ± 48	46 ± 49
Total fluid (mL)	105 ± 35	124 ± 57	105 ± 52	92 ± 59
Solid food (g)	8.5 ± 6.6	9.1 ± 8.1	8.2 ± 6.3	5.0 ± 5.0
Soft food (g)	13.3 ± 20.1	17.5 ± 20.7	18.8 ± 17.4	14.7 ± 23.7
Total food (g)	21.8 ± 21.7	26.6 ± 22.5	26.9 ± 15.1	19.7 ± 22.7
Energy (kJ)	240 ± 125	244 ± 106	209 ± 77	184 ± 140
Carbohydrate (g)	10.1 ± 6.0	10.8 ± 5.3	8.9 ± 3.6	7.8 ± 4.9
Fat (g)	1.3 ± 1.1	1.1 ± 0.8	1.1 ± 1.1	1.0 ± 1.8
Protein (g)	1.3 ± 1.1	1.2 ± 1.2	1.2 ± 0.9	0.9 ± 1.1
Sodium (mg)	115 ± 77	167 ± 95	152 ± 90	99 ± 83
Caffeine (mg)	0.72 ± 0.91	1.94 ± 1.86	2.92 ± 2.77	2.27 ± 2.91

Mean [minimum–maximum] or mean ± SD. α different from the 0–6-h period, β different from the 6–12-h period, γ different from the 12–18-h period. One symbol p < 0.05, two symbols: p < 0.01, three symbols: p < 0.001.

*Retrieved from the organization official chronometer (https://www.breizhchrono.com/detail-de-la-course/crs_id/13092/ for men and https://www.breizhchrono.com/detail-de-la-course/crs_id/13094/ for women).

Figure 2. Temporal evolution of absolute intake during the 24-h race. Bold lines indicate the means, the filled colored bars the standard deviations, and the dotted lines the maximal and minimal values.

Figure 3. Temporal evolution of the degree of convergence from the expected energy and total fluid intake. Vertical bars indicate the means and the lines the individual evolution. *Significant difference between the two linked 6-h periods. One symbol: p < 0.05, two symbols: p < 0.01, three symbols: p < 0.001.

Figure 4. Occurrences and duration of gastrointestinal symptoms during the 24-h race.

Figure 5. Individual and mean responses to the pre- and post-race questionnaires. Vertical black bars indicate the mean values and colored squares indicate individual answers.

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