https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6332-4035
Figures & data
Figure 1. Schedule of the clinical trial.
This clinical trial was carried out from 21 August to 16 December 2020. Each intervention lasted for 33 days, with the main examinations conducted during the last 5 days. On day 1 of the 5-day examination in each period, participants performed the same set number of bodyweight squats as on the screening-test day.
Figure 2. Flow chart of participants.
Table 1. Test foods.
Figure 3. Schedule of the examinations. Before: before the exercise load, Just after: just after the exercise load, 2 hrs after: 2 hours after execise load.
Table 2. Baseline characteristics of participants.
Figure 4. Muscle soreness VAS.
Perceived muscle soreness was evaluated with VAS. The active group: n = 18; the placebo group: n = 18. †: p < 0.05 for an interaction effect by the mixed model analysis. *: p < 0.05 by Sidak’s multiple comparison test. Before: before the exercise load, Just after: just after the exercise load, 2 hrs after: 2 hours after the exercise load.
Table 3. Muscle soreness VAS.
Table 4. Fatigue VAS.
Figure 5. Muscle strength.
The maximum knee extension force was evaluated using a leg muscle strength–measuring chair. The active group: n = 18; the placebo group: n = 18.
†: p < 0.05 for an interaction effect by the mixed model analysis.
*: p < 0.05 by Sidak’s multiple comparison test. Before: before the exercise load, Just after: just after the exercise load, 2 hrs after: 2 hours after the exercise load.
Table 5. Muscle strength.
Table 6. Range of motion.
Table 7. Blood levels of CPK and LDH.
Supplemental material