Effects of a ready-to-drink thermogenic beverage on resting energy expenditure, hemodynamic function, and subjective outcomes

Figures & data

Table 1. Overview of study visit procedures.

Procedure		Time (min)^1
1^st Interval	Supine Rest	30.1 ± 0.7
	Hemodynamic Assessments	3.5 ± 0.8
	Indirect Calorimetry Test	22.0 ± 1.0
	Beverage Consumption	14.8 ± 1.1
2^nd Interval	Supine Rest	29.5 ± 4.0
	Hemodynamic Assessments	3.7 ± 4.2
	Indirect Calorimetry Test	22.1 ± 0.3
3^rd Interval	Supine Rest	30.1 ± 0.3
	Hemodynamic Assessments	3.2 ± 1.4
	Indirect Calorimetry Test	21.9 ± 1.4

Data are presented as mean ± SD.

¹These times represent the duration from the start of the listed procedure to the next procedure.

Table 2. Participant Characteristics.

	All (n = 28)		F NRT (n = 7)		F RT (n = 7)		M NRT (n = 7)		M RT (n = 7)
	mean	sd	mean	sd	mean	Sd	mean	sd	mean	Sd
Age (y)	23.3	3.9	20.9	1.8	23.7	3.5	24.6	4.8	24.0	4.4
Height (cm)	169.3	8.6	164.0	3.6	163.3	7.1	176.6	7.2	173.5	8.0
Weight (kg)	73.3	13.1	61.5	8.3	64.2	8.2	83.1	7.5	84.5	7.4
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.5	3.3	22.9	3.2	24.1	2.7	26.7	2.6	28.1	2.3
FFMI (kg/m^2)	18.6	2.5	16.0	1.4	17.2	0.7	19.9	1.1	21.4	2.0
Body fat (%)	26.7	5.7	29.5	4.6	28.1	5.4	25.1	7.1	24.0	4.8
RT Experience (years)	2.6	3.8	0.0	0.0	3.2	0.8	0.0	0.0	7.4	4.5
RT Frequency (days/week)	2.3	2.4	0.0	0.0	4.6	0.5	0.0	0.0	4.5	1.2
Caffeine Intake (mg/d)	302.0	117.6	235.0	40.7	235.7	55.6	301.4	107.3	435.7	121.5
Phase Angle (degrees)	6.0	0.8	5.3	0.4	5.6	0.6	6.3	0.5	6.8	0.8
Waist Circumference (cm)	90.3	6.8	88.1	8.3	87.9	7.7	94.4	5.1	90.9	4.9
Hip Circumference (cm)	105.3	5.5	103.4	6.5	102.5	4.1	106.9	5.4	108.4	4.3
Upper Arm Circumference (cm)	35.4	4.0	32.2	3.4	32.9	3.2	36.9	2.0	39.5	2.6
Forearm Circumference (cm)	27.8	2.6	25.1	1.6	26.1	1.6	29.5	0.7	30.5	0.6
Thigh Circumference (cm)	61.0	4.5	58.5	5.4	60.0	4.3	61.6	3.7	63.7	3.6
Calf Circumference (cm)	38.1	2.8	36.2	3.8	37.0	1.1	40.2	1.8	39.2	2.0

participant characteristics split by sex only and RT status only are presented in Supplementary Material 1.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; F, females; FFMI, fat-free mass index; M, males; NRT, non-resistance trained; RT, resistance training.

Table 3. Nutrition facts and ingredients for ready-to-drink beverage¹.

Serving Size 12 fluid ounces (355 ml)
Amount Per Serving
Calories	0
	% Daily Value
Total Fat 0 g	0%
Cholesterol 0 mg	0%
Sodium 20 mg	1%
Total Carbohydrate<1 g	0%
Dietary Fiber 0 g	0%
Total Sugars 0 g	0%
Protein 0 g
Vitamin D 0mcg	0%
Calcium 10 mg	0%
Iron 0 mg	0%
Potassium 20 mg	0%
Vitamin C 50 mg	60%
Thiamin (B1) 4 mg	330%
Riboflavin (B2) 2 mg	150%
Niacin (B3) 40 mg	250%
Vitamin B6 1 mg	60%
Vitamin B12 10mcg	420%
Pantothenic Acid (B5) 2 mg	40%
Chromium 50mcg	140%^a

Ingredients: Filtered Sparkling Carbonated Water, L-Carnitine Tartrate, Natural Flavor, Citric Acid, Taurine, Malic Acid, Fumaric Acid, Sucralose, Caffeine, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Inositol, Sodium Citrate, Potassium Sorbate, Green Tea Extract, Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C), Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3), Guar Gum, Caramel Color, Guarana Seed Extract, Chromium Picolinate, Thiamine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Calcium Pantothenate (Vitamin B5), Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B6), Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12).

Total Caffeine (from Caffeine Anhydrous + Green Tea Extract + Guarana)180 mg per serving.

^aIngredients for placebo beverage included: Carbonated water, Potassium sorbate, Trisodium citrate dihydrate, sucralose, fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, guar gum, natural pina colada flavor, and natural pineapple flavor. These ingredients were present in the same quantities found in the ready-to-drink beverage.

Figure 1. Metabolic and hemodynamic outcomes. Letters within a condition (i.e. a, b, c for the RTD condition and x, y, z for the PL condition) indicate differences relative to the baseline assessment within that condition, with different letters indicating significantly different points. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between conditions at a given time point. Error bars are within-subjects error bars due to the design of the study. RTD: ready-to-drink beverage; PL: placebo beverage; REE: resting energy expenditure; RQ: respiratory quotient; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; CxT: condition × time interaction; S: sex main effect; F: female; M: male; T: time main effect; RT status: RT main effect; RT: resistance-trained; nRT: nonresistance-trained.

Figure 2. Subjective Energy. Letters within a condition (i.e. a, b, c for the RTD condition and x, y, z for the PL condition) indicate differences relative to the baseline assessment within that condition, with different letters indicating significantly different points. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between conditions at a given time point. Error bars are within-subjects error bars for panel a and model error bars for panel B. CxT: condition × time interaction; SxRT: sex × resistance training status interaction. RT: resistance training status (Y=resistance-trained; N=nonresistance-trained); F: female; M: male.

Figure 3. Subjective focus, concentration, alertness, and mood. Letters within a condition (i.e. a, b, c for the RTD condition and x, y, z for the PL condition) indicate differences relative to the baseline assessment within that condition, with different letters indicating significantly different points. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between conditions at a given time point. Error bars are within-subjects error bars for panel a and model error bars for panel B. CxT: condition × time interaction.