6-week time-restricted eating improves body composition, maintains exercise performance, without exacerbating eating disorder in female DanceSport dancers

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study design. TRE, Time-restricted eating; PA, Physical activity; EAT-26: Eating attitudes test.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics.

	TRE (n = 10)	ND (n = 10)
Age (years)	19.0 ± 0.9	19.5 ± 1.4
Height (m)	165.9 ± 4.2	164.8 ± 3.1
Body weight (kg)	53.8 ± 6.2	51.3 ± 4.1
BMI (kg/m^2)	19.5 ± 2.0	18.9 ± 1.6
Physical activity (MET-min/week)	10413.5 ± 3807.6	9143.1 ± 4814.4

Figure 2. The line chart of hunger levels in TRE group during the 6-week TRE intervention.

Table 2. Total calorie intake and macronutrients at baseline and during TRE in TRE and ND group.

	Baseline		During TRE
	TRE (n = 10)	ND (n = 10)	TRE (n = 10)	ND (n = 10)
Total calories (kcal/day)	1486.4 ± 215.6	1562.2 ± 323.8	1523.6 ± 333.1	1595.9 ± 328.2
Protein (kcal/day)	234.9 ± 10.9	229.6 ± 10.0	231.6 ± 7.3	266.5 ± 6.9
Protein (%)	15.8 ± 5.1	14.7 ± 3.1	15.2 ± 2.2	16.7 ± 2.1
Fat (kcal/day)	475.7 ± 14.2	539.0 ± 33.7	500.0 ± 11.3	545.8 ± 10.5
Fat (%)	32.0 ± 6.6	34.5 ± 10.4	32.8 ± 3.4	34.2 ± 3.2
Carbohydrate (kcal/day)	775.9 ± 17.9	792.0 ± 33.0	792.3 ± 14.0	783.6 ± 14.4
Carbohydrate (%)	52.2 ± 8.3	50.7 ± 10.2	52.0 ± 4.2	49.1 ± 4.4

Table 3. ED attitudes and behaviors at baseline and posttest in TRE and ND group.

	Baseline			Posttest
	TRE (n = 10)	ND (n = 10)	χ^2	TRE (n = 10)	ND (n = 10)	χ^2
A high level of concern about dieting, body weight or problematic eating behaviors
Endorsed	2 (20%)	3 (30%)	0.267	2 (20%)	3 (30%)	0.267
Not Endorsed	8 (80%)	7 (70%)		8 (80%)	7 (70%)
Gone on eating binges where you feel that you may not be able to stop
Endorsed	3 (30%)	4 (40%)	0.220	4 (40%)	2 (20%)	0.952
Not Endorsed	7 (70%)	6 (60%)		6 (60%)	8 (80%)
Ever made yourself sick (vomited) to control your weight or shape
Endorsed	1 (10%)	2 (20%)	0.392	3 (30%)	1 (10%)	1.250
Not Endorsed	9 (90%)	8 (80%)		7 (70%)	9 (90%)
Ever used laxatives, diet pills, or diuretics to control your weight or shape
Endorsed	3 (30%)	1 (10%)	1.250	3 (30%)	2 (20%)	0.267
Not Endorsed	7 (70%)	9 (90%)		7 (70%)	8 (80%)
Exercised more than 60 minutes a day to lose or to control your weight
Endorsed	2 (20%)	0 (0%)	2.222	0 (0%)	1 (10%)	1.053
Not Endorsed	8 (80%)	10 (100%)		10 (100%)	9 (90%)
Lost 20 pounds or more in past 6 months
Endorsed	1 (10%)	1 (10%)	0.200	1 (10%)	1 (10%)	0.200
Not Endorsed	9 (90%)	9 (90%)		9 (90%)	9 (90%)

Figure 3. The violin plots of changes of waist circumference, hip circumference, body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) in TRE and ND group at baseline and after TRE intervention. The thick lines indicate the median value in each group. The thin lines represent each interquartile range. The pound sign (#) illustrates within-group differences (p < 0.05).

Figure 4. The violin plots of changes of heart rate (HR), maximum oxygen intake (VO_2max), oxygen intake (VO₂/kg), carbon dioxide production (VCO₂) and anaerobic threshold (AT) in TRE and ND group at baseline and after TRE intervention. The thick lines indicate the median value in each group. The thin lines represent each interquartile range.

Figure 5. The violin plots of changes of peak power (PP), PP/BW, average power (AP), AP/BW and power drop (PD) in TRE and ND group at baseline and after TRE intervention. The thick lines indicate the median value in each group. The thin lines represent each interquartile range. The asterisk mark (*) demonstrates between-group significant difference (p < 0.05). The pound sign (#) illustrates within-group differences (p < 0.05).