“I Smoke Like This to Suppress These Issues That Are Flaws of My Character”: Challenges and Facilitators of Cessation Among Smokers With Bipolar Disorder

ABSTRACT

Objective: Smokers with bipolar disorder (BD) have low rates of successful quitting, yet no prior studies have evaluated the process of quitting among these smokers in the context of a current quit attempt. To facilitate development of more effective interventions, we conducted a qualitative exploration of challenges and facilitators of quitting in an intervention study for smokers with BD. Methods: Participants were adult daily smokers with BD (n = 10) who completed a 10-week smoking cessation intervention consisting of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and nicotine patch. We administered semistructured interviews focused on the quitting process at the end of treatment and used inductive content analysis to extract themes. Results: Emergent themes representing challenges of quitting included social impediments, lack of awareness, avoidance, maladaptive beliefs, ambivalence, benefits of smoking, and difficulties with nicotine replacement. Themes representing change facilitators included positive treatment effects (ACT-specific, nonspecific, and nicotine patch-related), coping behaviors, reasons to quit, changes in self-perception, and social benefits. Conclusions: Results suggest a need for assistance with obtaining social support and handling social impediments, interrupting the automaticity of smoking, expanding the behavioral repertoire to handle aversive internal states that tend to be avoided by smoking, preventing maladaptive beliefs from interfering with quitting, taking meaningful action toward change while experiencing ambivalence, either replacing the benefits of smoking or accepting their loss, and troubleshooting difficulties with nicotine replacement. Findings regarding facilitators of quitting supported previous quantitative findings that the ACT intervention impacted theory-based targets and highlighted the importance of the counseling relationship.

KEYWORDS:

• Tobacco cessation
• nicotine dependence
• bipolar disorder

Disclosures

Professor Anthenelli's university has received grants from Pfizer and Alkermes. He has provided consulting and advisory board services to Arena Pharmaceuticals, Cerecor, and Pfizer. Jonathan Bricker has served as a consultant to GlaxoSmithKline and serves on the advisory board of Chrono Therapeutics. None of the other authors have competing interests to disclose.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Katrina Akioka, Madelon Bolling, Jessica Harris, Helen Jones, Mary Shea, Gregory Simon, Jackie Saint-Johnson, and Garret Zieve for their assistance with this project at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (formerly Group Health Research Institute).

Additional information

Funding

The study was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (#K23DA026517 to JLH) and supported by the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (formerly Group Health Research Institute).