Sensorimotor Gating in Cocaine-Related Disorder with Comorbid Schizophrenia or Antisocial Personality Disorder

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic Descriptions and Comparisons Between Groups

	% TOTAL (n)	% CRD (n)	% CRD + SCZ (n)	% CRD + ASPD (n)	${\mathit{\chi }}^2$ (Sig.)
Nationality
Spanish	94.4 (34)	75 (6)	100 (12)	100 (0)	7.412 (.045)*
Other countries Europe	2.8 (1)	12.5 (1)	0 (0)	0 (0)
South America	2.8 (1)	12.5 (1)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Marital status
Single	76.3 (29)	62.5 (5)	85.7 (12)	75 (12)	3.716 (.816)
Married	5.3 (2)	0 (0)	7.1 (1)	6.3 (1)
Separated	5.3 (2)	12.5 (1)	0 (0)	6.3 (1)
Divorced	13.2 (5)	25 (2)	7.1 (1)	12.5 (2)
Number of children
0	67.6 (23)	50 (4)	91.7 (11)	57.1 (8)	6.426 (.172)
1	17.6 (6)	37.5 (3)	0 (0)	21.4 (3)
2	14.7 (5)	12.5 (1)	8.3 (1)	21.4 (3)
Education level
None	44.7 (17)	0 (0)	57.1 (8)	56.3 (9)	17.583 (.011)*
Primary education	13.2 (5)	37.5(3)	7.1 (1)	6.3 (1)
Compulsory Secondary Education	34.2 (13)	50 (4)	21.4 (3)	37.5 (6)
Baccalaureate or vocational training	5.3 (2)	0 (0)	14.3 (2)	0 (0)
Higher education	2.6 (1)	12.5 (1)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Employment status
Pensioner	42.1 (16)	25 (2)	71.4 (10)	25 (4)	13.442 (.064)
Unemployed, but has been employed	44.7 (17)	37.5 (3)	28.6 (4)	62.5 (10)
Unemployed and has never worked	5.3 (2)	12.5 (1)	0 (0)	6.3 (1)
Family business, without a salary	2.6 (1)	12.5 (1)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Salaried employment	5.3 (2)	12.5 (1)	0 (0)	6.3 (1)

Note. The underlined statistics are those which showed significant differences according to the corrected standardized residuals.

CRD = cocaine related disorder; SCZ = schizophrenia; ASPD = antisocial personality disorder; Sig. = significance.

*p < .05.

Table 2. Clinical Descriptions and Comparisons Between Groups

	% TOTAL (n)	% CRD (n)	% CRD + SCZ (n)	% CRD + ASPD (n)	${\mathit{\chi }}^2$ (Sig.)
Previous psychiatric hospitalization	52.6 (20)	25 (2)	78.6 (11)	43.8 (7)	6.735 (.035)*
Suicide attempts	28.9 (11)	0 (0)	57.1 (8)	18.8 (3)	9.479 (.010)*
HIV positive	10.5 (4)	0 (0)	0 (0)	25 (4)	6.147 (.060)
Additional family clinical history	63.2 (24)	62.5 (5)	57.1 (8)	68.8 (11)	0.434 (.905)
Family clinical history of mental disorders	42.1 (16)	37.5 (3)	50 (7)	37.5 (6)	0.567 (.765)
Prison incarcerations	34.2 (13)	12.5 (1)	0 (0)	75 (12)	20.783 (<.001)**
Number of addictions
1	5.3 (2)	0 (0)	14.3 (2)	0 (0)	11.367 (.553)
2	39.5 (15)	50 (4)	42.9 (6)	31.3 (5)
3	18.4 (7)	12.5 (1)	28.6 (4)	12.5 (2)
4	15.8 (6)	25 (2)	7.1 (1)	18.8 (3)
5	7.9 (3)	0 (0)	7.1 (1)	12.5 (2)
6	10.5 (4)	12.5 (1)	0 (0)	18.8 (3)
8	2.6 (1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	6.3 (1)
Psychopathy	29.7 (11)	0 (0)	0 (0)	68.8 (11)	20.546 (<.001)**

Note. The underlined statistics are those which showed significant differences according to the corrected standardized residuals.

CRD = cocaine related disorder; SCZ = schizophrenia; ASPD = antisocial personality disorder; Sig. = significance.

*p < .05; **p < .01.

Table 3. Scores and Comparisons Between the Groups in the Dependent Variables: Impulsivity, Activation, and Behavioral Inhibition

Instrument	Variable	Group	Mean (SD)	F (df; Sig.) Tukey
Barratt Impulsiveness Scale	Cognitive impulsivity	CRD	13.63 (4.47)	2.393 (2, 35; p = .106)
		CRD + SCZ	15.93 (5.18)
		CRD + ASPD	18.06 (4.52)
	Motor impulsivity	CRD	18.88 (6.15)	0.980 (2, 35; p = .386)
		CRD + SCZ	19.50 (8.39)
		CRD + ASPD	23 (8.77)
	Unplanned impulsivity	CRD	22.88 (7.22)	3.090 (2, 35; p = .058)
		CRD + SCZ	24.71 (9.65)
		CRD + ASPD	31.06 (8.57)
	Total impulsivity	CRD	55.38 (14.85)	2.789 (2, 35; p = .075)
		CRD + SCZ	59 (15.90)
		CRD + ASPD	69.25 (14.97)
Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire	Sensitivity to punishment	CRD	8.50 (4.40)	3.958 (2, 35; p = .028)* Tukey test did not reach significance.
		CRD + SCZ	13.93 (5.42)
		CRD + ASPD	9.44 (5.18)
	Sensitivity to reward	CRD	14.50 (5.09)	0.562 (2, 35; p = .575)
		CRD + SCZ	15.21 (3.98)
		CRD + ASPD	13.56 (4.09)
Stop task	Letters reaction time	CRD	705.75 (67.60)	0.186 (2, 34; p = .831)
		CRD + SCZ	664.46 (74.74)
		CRD + ASPD	688.56 (220.67)
	Average stop signal delay	CRD	518.75 (79.89)	0.956 (2, 34; p = .395)
		CRD + SCZ	438.46 (141.64)
		CRD + ASPD	487.75 (150.33)

Note. CRD = cocaine related disorder; SCZ = schizophrenia; ASPD = antisocial personality disorder; df = degrees of freedom; Sig. = significance.

*p < .05.

Table 4. Scores and Comparisons Between the Groups in the Psychopathy-Dependent Variables

Instrument	Variable	Group	Mean (SD)	F (df; Sig.) Tukey
Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (LSRP)	Primary psychopathy	CRD	35.63 (4.74)	1.284 (2, 35; p = .290)
		CRD + SCZ	31.71 (6.06)
		CRD + ASPD	34.38 (6.41)
	Secondary psychopathy	CRD	22.13 (3.83)	2.801 (2, 35; p = .074)
		CRD + SCZ	27 (5.88)
		CRD + ASPD	26.81 (4.82)
Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R)	Interpersonal/affective factor	CRD	3.88 (2.10)	49.806 (2, 34; p < .001)** CRD + ASPD > CRD (p < .001) and CRD + SCZ (p < .001)
		CRD + SCZ	2.23 (1.30)
		CRD + ASPD	10.69 (3.09)
	Social deviation factor	CRD	3.75 (2.49)	59.065 (2, 34; p < .001)** CRD + ASPD > CRD (p < .001) and CRD + SCZ (p < .001)
		CRD + SCZ	4.85 (1.99)
		CRD + ASPD	14.88 (3.61)
	Total score	CRD	9.63 (3.33)	77.340 (2, 34; p < .001)** CRD + ASPD > CRD (p < .001) and CRD + SCZ (p < .001)
		CRD + SCZ	7.92 (3.47)
		CRD + ASPD	28.19 (6.04)

Note. CRD = cocaine related disorder; SCZ = schizophrenia; ASPD = antisocial personality disorder; df = degrees of freedom; Sig. = significance.

**p < .01.

Table 5. Percentages of Prepulse Inhibition and Comparisons Between Groups

Instrument	Variable	Group	Mean (SD)	F (df; Sig.) Tukey
Prepulse Inhibition Percentage	30 millisecond Prepulse	CRD	37.42 (21.63)	6.522 (2, 35; p = .004)** CRD + SCZ (p = .004) and CRD + ASPD (p = .011) < CRD
		CRD + SCZ	−7.62 (34.51)
		CRD + ASPD	−1.70 (27.89)
	60 millisecond Prepulse	CRD	50.87 (24.33)	1.512 (2, 34; p = .235)
		CRD + SCZ	11.45 (37.55)
		CRD + ASPD	13.70 (69.15)
	120 millisecond Prepulse	CRD	40.96 (19.67)	1.995 (2, 33; p = .152)
		CRD + SCZ	−1.95 (58.94)
		CRD + ASPD	21.03 (40.33)

Note. CRD = cocaine related disorder; SCZ = schizophrenia; ASPD = antisocial personality disorder; df = degrees of freedom; Sig. = significance.

**p < .01.

Figure 1. Prepulse inhibition percentage. Note. CRD = cocaine related disorder; SCZ = schizophrenia; ASPD = antisocial personality disorder; PPI = prepulse inhibition; ms = milliseconds. The a value was significantly higher than b (p = .011) and c (p = .004). The d variables had differences according PPI interval (CRD p = .031 and CRD + SCZ p = .016), that did not reach significance in the pairwise comparisons.

Figure 2. Scatter diagram for the discriminating functions. Note. CRD = cocaine related disorder; SCZ = schizophrenia; ASPD = antisocial personality disorder.