Perceptions of behavioral norms related to HIV transmission by people with HIV and by residents of their communities

Figures & data

Table 1 Mean differences between norms as perceived by community residents and by participants with HIV

	Perceived descriptive norms					Perceived injunctive norms
	Participants with HIV		Community participants			Participants with HIV		Community participants
Perceived Norms	M	SE	M	SE	F^1	M	SE	M	SE	F^1
Needle sharing in illegal drug use	17.0	(2.6)	27.9	(1.9)	17.27**	7.4	(1.0)	5.6	(0.7)	3.40
Sexual behaviors related to HIV transmission (general)	39.6	(2.1)	27.8	(1.4)	32.56**	22.5	(1.8)	15.7	(1.3)	14.05**
Multiple sex partners	37.9	(2.0)	32.2	(1.5)	8.99**	26.0	(2.0)	28.3	(1.4)	1.43
Using condoms
in general	28.7	(2.1)	35.4	(1.6)	11.75**	46.2	(2.5)	56.4	(1.8)	16.49**
to prevent STDs	30.0	(3.0)	59.0	(2.2)	98.88**	51.0	(2.5)	72.5	(1.6)	76.41**
to prevent HIV/AIDS	30.3	(3.1)	61.0	(2.3)	104.30**	54.8	(2.5)	75.9	(1.6)	73.20**

df = 2 for the numerator and ranged from 1410 to 1924 for the denominator due to missing data.

*p < .05. **p < .01.

Table 2 Parameter estimates of association between norms as perceived by community residents and by participants with HIV/AIDS

	Parameter estimates for perceived descriptive norms			Parameter estimates for perceived injunctive norms
	Parameter	SE	F^1	Parameter	SE	F^1
Norms related to HIV transmission
Needle sharing	–0.40	0.38	1.13	0.10	0.64	0.02
Sexual behaviors related to HIV transmission (general)	0.47	0.58	0.65	0.15	0.68	0.05
Multiple sex partners	0.87	0.44	3.96	1.17	0.45	6.95**
Using condoms
in general	0.53	0.39	1.92	1.29	0.47	7.37**
to prevent STDs	0.27	0.33	0.68	1.07	0.66	2.60
to prevent HIV	0.44	0.43	1.01	1.24	0.60	4.32*

Level 1 results correct for the age, sex, race, education, sexual orientation, and marital status of participants with HIV. Level 2 results correct for the percent of females in the community sample.

¹(df = 1, 30). Denominator df is based on the number of community clusters.

*p < .05. **p < .01.

Table 3 Mean perceived descriptive and injunctive norms by participants’ with HIV/AIDS own current sexual behavior

	Not sexually active (n = 91)		Consistent condom use (n = 31)		Inconsistent condom use (n = 66)
	M	(SE)	M	(SE)	M	(SE)	F^1
Perceived descriptive norms
Sexual behaviors related to HIV (general)	43.0	3.0	46.0	5.3	41.8	3.4	.22
Multiple sex partners	37.8	2.7	47.0	4.3	39.9	3.1	1.56
Using condoms (general)	27.6	2.5	36.9	5.6	30.7	2.9	1.58
Using condoms STD prevention	32.3	3.1	31.0	5.3	29.8	3.4	.15
Using condoms HIV prevention	34.2	3.3	36.0	6.7	28.4	3.1	.92
Perceived injunctive norms
Sexual behaviors related to HIV (general)	22.0	2.6	29.0	5.4	26.3	3.5	.97
Multiple sex partners	29.3	2.5	29.8	4.4	30.3	2.9	.04
Using condoms (general)	46.8	3.1	46.6	6.2	52.9	3.3	.92
Using condoms STD prevention	51.7	3.8	48.6	6.5	60.2	4.2	1.55
Using condoms HIV prevention	58.3	3.6	49.4	7.5	60.0	4.5	.90

Means are uncorrected for characteristics of participants with HIV.

¹df =2 for the numerator and ranged from 138 to 184 for the denominator due to missing data

Table 4 Relationship of perceived stigma with perceived norms for participants with HIV 

	Norms of participants with HIV				Norms of community residents
	Descriptive		Injunctive		Descriptive		Injunctive
	Parameter	F^1	Parameter	F^1	Parameter	F^2	Parameter	F^2
Needle Sharing
Public Attitudes Concerns	0.003^a	1.73	0.000^b	0.02	–0.005^d	0.31	0.057^f	3.73
Disclosure Concerns	–0.004^a	2.39	–0.003^c	0.60	–0.011^d	1.30	–0.005^f	0.03
Enacted Stigma	0.000^b	0.01	0.001^c	0.08	–0.005^d	0.18	0.022^f	0.56
Negative Self-Image	0.001^a	0.22	0.003^c	0.70	0.007^d	0.35	0.033^f	1.09
Sexual behaviors related to HIV transmission (general)
Public Attitudes Concerns	0.004^a	5.88*	0.000^a	0.00	0.002^d	0.02	0.009^e	0.25
Disclosure Concerns	0.001^a	0.45	0.000^a	0.03	–0.010^d	0.66	0.022^e	1.64
Enacted Stigma	0.003^a	1.70	0.000^a	0.03	–0.018^d	1.77	–0.021^e	1.25
Negative Self-Image	0.001^a	0.28	0.002^a	0.90	–0.006^d	0.18	0.012^e	0.39
Multiple sex partners
Public Attitudes Concerns	0.004^a	6.72*	0.003^a	2.19	–0.001^d	0.01	0.007^e	0.19
Disclosure Concerns	0.000^a	0.03	0.000^a	0.01	–0.015^d	1.75	–0.016^d	1.42
Enacted Stigma	0.002^a	1.02	0.000^a	0.00	–0.011^d	0.91	–0.005^e	0.11
Negative Self-Image	0.001^a	0.06	0.003^a	1.70	0.003^d	0.04	–0.005^e	0.08
Using condoms (general)
Public Attitudes Concerns	0.003^a	2.68	0.003^a	3.00	–0.010^d	0.62	–0.014^d	1.31
Disclosure Concerns	0.001^a	0.38	0.003^a	3.02	–0.007^d	0.40	–0.016^d	2.03
Enacted Stigma	0.000^a	0.00	0.001^a	0.36	–0.006^d	0.28	–0.011^d	0.78
Negative Self-Image	0.000^a	0.01	0.001^a	0.14	–0.005^d	0.15	–0.019^d	2.27
Using condoms STD prevention
Public Attitudes Concerns	0.001^a	0.19	–0.002^a	2.31	–0.011^d	1.61	–0.026^d	4.02*
Disclosure Concerns	–0.001^a	0.55	0.002^a	0.96	–0.015^d	3.15	–0.033^d	6.76*
Enacted Stigma	0.000^a	0.06	–0.003^a	2.73	–0.014^d	2.41	–0.017^d	1.46
Negative Self-Image	–0.003^a	1.71	–0.003^a	2.86	0.005^d	0.23	–0.034^d	5.98*
Using condoms HIV prevention
Public Attitudes Concerns	–0.002^a	1.18	–0.003^a	5.12*	–0.012^d	1.44	–0.027^d	5.21*
Disclosure Concerns	–0.002^a	1.40	0.002^a	0.80	–0.015^d	2.62	–0.033^d	7.74*
Enacted Stigma	–0.002^a	0.54	0.000^a	0.03	–0.024^d	5.91	–0.027^d	4.14*
Negative Self-Image	–0.005^a	5.72*	–0.003^a	2.99	–0.003^d	0.09	–0.029^d	4.89*

¹df = 1 for the numerator and ranged from 156 to 180 for the denominator due to missing data.

²(df = 1, 30). Denominator df is based on the number of community clusters.

^aSE = .002, ^bSE = .003 ^cSE = .004, ^dSE = .01 ^eSE = .02, ^fSE = .03

*p < .05