Developments in Raspberry Production, Cultivar Releases, and Intellectual Property Rights: A Comparative Study of British Columbia and Washington State

Figures & data

FIGURE 1 BC and Washington rasberry production.

TABLE 1 Red Raspberry Harvested Area and Production for British Columbia and Washington State

Washington State				British Columbia
Year	Area(hectares)	Production(Mt)	Farm value(US$'000)	Area(hectares)	Production(Mt)	Farm value(US$'000)
1980	1134	5715	4700	^a	8100	6246
1981	1215	6464	7410	^a	8199	10708
1982	1255	8015	11892	^a	11630	17461
1983	1215	7893	7482	^a	14003	11873
1984	1215	7416	8047	^a	13646	14756
1985	1296	7620	9433	^a	13434	15233
1986	1336	6287	10509	^a	11290	19283
1987	1457	10451	12109	^a	20515	20075
1988	1619	11431	13482	2038	19264	21338
1989	1943	15241	18840	2160	19595	21029
1990	2186	12737	10532	2231	12334	7596
1991	2146	14665	16449	2108	11312	12448
1992	2146	18752	22005	2076	13403	15242
1993	2105	19341	28126	2014	13764	20187
1994	2308	21201	39423	2016	16589	24515
1995	2389	23818	35182	1888	15879	22856
1996	2551	18575	30459	2061	10864	17048
1997	3441	26989	28020	2045	14422	11718
1998	3644	27352	22664	2085	12937	8328
1999	3846	31457	48291	2065	13448	16736
2000	3846	32319	25888	2057	14187	8773
2001	3846	34042	37784	2065	11904	10980
2002	3846	33612	36985	2024	13508	14130
2003	3725	30482	36554	1923	12766	16345
2004	3644	26944	45960	1923	11072	19481
2005	3846	31888	39275	1923	12156	17427
2006	3887	26127	20530	1409	8233	10342
Notes: ^aData unavailable.
Sources: (1) Statistics Canada.2006 (February). Fruit and Vegetable Production. Catologue No. 22-003-XIB.
(2) BC Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries. Various Years. Annual BC Horticultural Statistics. Available Online: [Http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/stats/berries/49-96.htm]. Accessed 12 September 2008.
(3) US Department of Agriculture. 2008b. National Agriculture Statistics Service. Historic Data: Red Raspberry 1942–2007. Available Online: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Washington/Historic_Data/berries/rdrasbry.pdf Accessed 12 September 2008.

FIGURE 2 BC and Washington rasberry yield.

TABLE 2 British Columbia and Washington State Raspberry Plant ^c Sales Data by Cultivar, 2001–2008

British Columbia										Washington State								Total
Cultivar	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	Total	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Number of plants										Number of plants
Meeker	873,410	588,950	750,350	1,103,000	1,217,400	933,300	420,200	451,800	6,338,410	662,872	799,950	1,406,250	2,052,695	2,598,969	2,138,674	1,342,535	1,291,515	12,293,460
Willamette	59,675	36,375	9,250	–	–	–	–	–	105,300	26,400	9,475	14,085	13,975	6,700	40,625	58,100	89,625	258,985
Chemainus	–	–	26,820	99,225	122,100	177,050	223,750	133,750	782,695	–	–	45,500	94,000	60,525	78,850	39,900	87,205	405,980
Saanich	–	–	–	–	–	30,000	3,550	92,500	126,050	–	–	–	–	–	9,500	193,425	170,900	373,825
Cowichan	–	30,850	98,700	353,550	146,300	10,750	1,250	1,600	643,000	–	6,000	3,850	87,550	25,200	1,500	6,850	800	131,750
Cascade Bounty	–	–	–	–	–	133,200	57,250	4,500	194,950	–	–	–	–	40,200	129,600	83,200	59,830	312,830
Cascade Nectar	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	10,495	–	13,950	–	–	24,445
Coho	400	400	31,700	11,225	34,650	2,000	600	–	80,975	30,850	29,675	46,830	162,795	102,175	71,950	4,200	5,600	454,075
Malahat ^a	75,560	68,860	90,600	75,775	61,975	48,550	64,350	45,500	531,170	23,900	8,825	19,245	20,150	10,375	19,600	9,050	24,355	135,500
Tulameen ^a	11,700	14,700	8,875	34,775	33,285	16,575	39,780	10,550	170,240	51,298	47,437	61,440	111,120	85,090	90,975	183,083	159,765	790,208
Qualicum ^a	27,875	25,775	4,950	139,500	8,500	–	7,900	19,950	234,450	3,575	8,125	10,250	14,375	1,150	–	–	1,500	38,975
Cascade Dawn ^a	–	–	–	–	4,350	20,700	1,350	12,500	38,900	–	–	–	–	1,900	2,325	6,250	17,400	27,875
Cascade Delight ^a	–	15,400	38,585	18,125	15,250	11,475	34,900	16,600	150,335	–	22,550	25,615	37,100	74,200	28,600	53,040	39,110	280,215
Chilliwack ^a	1,325	1,325	–	–	–	–	–	–	2,650	1,463	8,000	–	–	–	–	–	–	9,463
Chilcotin ^a	2,500	2,500	7,750	–	–	–	–	–	12,750	125	125	15,050	–	–	–	–	–	15,300
Esquimalt ^a	–	–	5,391	13,050	–	–	–	–	18,441	–	–	–	1,350	–	–	–	–	1,350
Encore ^a	–	–	–	–	–	6,000	–	10	6,010	–	–	–	2,300	–	–	10	65	2,375
Nova ^a	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	10	10	–	–	–	–	–	9,010	30	95	9,135
Moutere ^a	–	–	–	–	–	7,085	325	–	7,410	–	–	–	–	–	20	100	195	315
Autumn Bliss ^b	4,000	4,000	–	–	250	–	2,100	400	10,750	78,225	82,525	2,500	24,550	63,375	19,300	7,500	2,400	280,375
Autumn Britten ^b	–	6,500	200	5,000	2,500	2,775	11,725	4,100	32,800	30	–	5,750	22,775	4,670	6,915	8,720	9,425	58,285
Caroline ^b	7,800	4,600	600	2,500	700	5,605	4,550	200	26,555	9,147	22,490	31,955	199,185	290,190	433,180	34,040	225,840	1,246,027
Heritage ^b	835	450	625	700	8,850	900	5,700	32,500	50,560	7,600	1,040	6,617	16,800	11,460	37,060	6,775	5,655	93,007
Summit ^b	300	–	6,000	1,000	–	–	–	–	7,300	10,625	13,585	15,785	25,175	24,375	–	–	–	89,545
Amity ^b	1,500	1,500	–	–	–	–	–	–	3,000	2,200	2,200	–	–	–	–	–	–	4,400
Golden Summit ^b	–	400	5,000	12,325	600	–	–	–	18,325	2,375	5,950	5,450	5,550	1,875	–	–	–	21,200
Dinkum ^b	50	–	5,100	2,075	1,250	–	2,000	5,500	15,975	–	–	4,050	32,765	9,960	–	5,750	2,400	54,925
Anne ^b	–	–	–	–	4,500	–	1,500	2,700	8,700	–	–	–	–	5,315	11,710	11,695	10,265	38,985
Others	3,482	3,300	650	255	869	6,715	5,080	4,595	24,946	10,473	22,016	24,952	80,055	57,997	3,960	4,208	2434	206,095
Total	1,070,412	805,885	1,091,146	1,872,080	1,663,329	1,412,680	887,860	839,265	9,642,657	921,158	1,089,968	1,745,174	3,014,760	3,475,701	3,147,304	2,058,461	2,206,379	17,658,905
Notes: ^aRaspberry cultivars for the fresh market.
^bFall fruiting raspberry cultivars. For the period 2004–2006 most of the Caroline plants were planted for the processed market.
^cTotal plant sales included sales from Cedar Valley Nursery, Northwest Plant Co, Norcal Nursery, Nourse Farms, Sakuma Bros and Spooner Farms. Sales of root material were converted to plants assuming a conversion rate of 10 plants/pound of roots.
Source: Moore, P. P. (2007).

FIGURE 3 BC and Washington State fresh market and process rasberry grower prices.

TABLE 3 British Columbia Fresh and Process Raspberry Trade with the United States, 1988–2006

Exports			Imports
Year	Raspberry(fresh)	Raspberry(process) ^1	Raspberry(fresh) ^2	Raspberry(process) ^3
	$US'000	$US'000	$US'000	$US'000
1988	14630.48	197.96	121.16	65.95
1989	6191.63	248.72	399.98	36.74
1990	5122.53	1159.51	248.12	74.07
1991	6039.15	579.73	323.45	64.29
1992	7370.08	782.85	300.30	76.38
1993	9259.63	943.11	509.22	165.83
1994	13648.98	1025.24	931.83	142.50
1995	11512.76	2999.01	2169.16	271.60
1996	9037.86	1852.83	1526.40	439.37
1997	5840.84	1671.54	1113.95	225.62
1998	3228.20	5645.98	1477.13	750.72
1999	7098.46	5635.06	3379.01	1359.56
2000	3461.89	4643.26	1035.34	978.10
2001	5082.57	4588.09	1486.70	1490.62
2002	3080.87	6975.50	2332.74	1316.28
2003	4035.34	8539.33	2268.32	2438.94
2004	6210.10	6201.57	2963.06	2116.69
2005	6343.11	8702.54	4014.91	2464.35
2006	2686.99	7232.69	5384.45	2357.96
Notes: ^1process raspberry exports include also mulberries, etc uncook, steam or boil in water sweetened or not, frozen.
^2fresh raspberry imports include also loganberries, nes, blackberries and mulberries, fresh.
^3process raspberry imports include raspberries, frozen, nes, uncooked/steamed/boiled in water, sweetened/not.
Source: Statistics Canada (2007b).

FIGURE 4 BC fresh and process rasberry trade with Washington.

TABLE 4 Red Raspberry Cultivars Released and Plant Patents Granted by Breeding Programs in Canada and the United States, 1953–2007

Country	Province/State	Cultivars released	Patents granted	Red raspberry cultivar descriptions
Canada	BC	16	–	Chemainus, Chilliwack, Comox, Cowichan, Esquimalt, Kitsilano, Malahat, Qualicum, Tulameen, Algonquin, Chilcotin, Haida, Matsqui, Nootka, Saanich, Skeena,
	Manitoba	5	–	Double Delight, Red River, Souris, Boyne, Killarney
	Ontario	6	2	OAC Regal, OAC Regency, Comet, Festival, Lowden Purple ^a , Lowden ^a ,
	Quebec	2	1	Perron's Red, Per Hub ^a
	Nova Scotia	3	–	Nova, K81-6, Avon
United States	California	32	32	AnnaMaria ^a , Driscoll Cardinal ^a , Driscoll Carmelina ^a , Driscoll Dulcita ^a , Driscoll Francesca ^a , Driscoll Maravilla ^a , Gloria ^a , Godiva ^a , Hollins ^a , Holyoke ^a , Isabel ^a , Joe Mello ^a , Driscoll ^a
				Madonna ^a , Wilhelm ^a , PS-1764 ^a , PS-1703 ^a , PS-1070 ^a , PS-1049 ^a , PSI-1014 ^a , PSI-737 ^a , PSI 168 ^a , PSI 114 ^a , PSI 127 ^a , Graton Gold ^a , Tola ^a , Lawrence ^a , PSI-744 ^a , PSI 79 ^a , PSI-R86.745 ^a , Bababerry ^a , Sweetbriar ^a
	Minnesota	6	1	Nordic, Redwing, Forever Amber ^a , Itasca, Polaris, Earlibest
	New Jersey/Wisconsin	21	6	Allegany, Cherokee, Haut, Lake Geneva, Pocahontas, Reveille, Scepter, Sentinel, Sentry
	Maryland/Virginia			Alice, Anne ^a , Caroline ^a , Claudia, Deborah, Emily ^a , Esta, Georgia, Jaclyn ^a , Josephine ^a , Citadel, Lauren ^a
	New York	12	5	Brandywine, Huron, Jewel, Heritage, Hilton, Newburgh, Taylor
				Encore ^a , Prelude ^a , Ruby ^a (cv ‘Watson’), Titan (N.Y.883) ^a , Royalty ^a ,
	Oregon	7	–	Amity, Chinook, Coho, Lewis, Summit, Canby, Fairview,
	Washington	9	3	Puyallup, Goldenwest, Sumner, Meeker, Centennial, Cascade Delight ^a , Cascade Nectar, Cascade Bounty ^a , Cascade Dawn ^a ,
Notes: ^adenotes plant patents issued since 1976 by the US Plant Patent Office [http://patft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-adv.htm].
Sources: (1) The Brooks and Olmo Register of Fruit & Nut Varieties.
(2) Raspberries.us [Http://www.raspberries.us/varieties.htm] Accessed 19 February 2007.

TABLE 5 Raspberry Research and Development by US Department of Agriculture, State Agricultural Experiment Stations, and Other Institutions

Washington State	1998		2001		2003		2006
	Total funds ^1 ('$000)	Scientistyears	Total funds('$000)	Scientistyears	Total funds('$000)	Scientistyears	Total funds('$000)	Scientistyears
102 Soil, water, and nutrient relationships	–	–	116	–	0	–	0	–
201 Plant genome, genetics, mechanisms	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
202 Plant genetic resources	38	0.1	36	0.1	43	0.1	17	0.1
203 Plant biological efficiency	40	0.1	25	–	–	–	65	0.2
204 Plant product quality and utlity	192	0.4	158	0.3	130	0.3	16	0.1
205 Plant management systems	–	–	30	–	10	–	36	0.2
212 Pathogens and nematodes affect on plants	43	0.1	122	0.1	43	0.1	32	0.1
215 Biological control of pests	5	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
216 Integrated pest management	259	0.4	260	0.6	208	0.5	160	0.6
502 New and Improved food products	–	–	–	–	–	–	32	0.1
Total	577	1.1	747	1.1	434	1	358	1.4
Notes: ^1Total funds include USDA appropriations, CSREES administration, other US Department of Agriculture, other federal departments, State appropriations, and other Non-federal department.
Source: Moore A. 2007. USDA, CSREES. Special Tabulation request.

TABLE 6 Plant Breeders' Rights Applications and Grants by Selected Fruit and Institution in Canada

Country	Institution	Fruit	No of applications	No of grants	Applications/rights ^1
Canada	Agriculture Canada	Strawberry	16	15	2
	Guelph/McGill University	Strawberry	6	3	2
	Orchard/nursery/company	Strawberry	1	1	–
USA	Driscoll Associates, Inc	Strawberry	10	5	2
	California/Miinnesota Univ./USDA	Strawberry	20	15	5
	Orchard/nursery/company	Strawberry	5	1	4
UK	Orchard/nursery/company	Strawberry	1	–	–
Europe excl. UK	Orchard/nursery/company	Strawberry	11	2	5
Canada	Agriculture Canada	Raspberry	3	–	–
UK	Scottish Crop Research Instit.	Raspberry	2	–	1
	Hort. Research International	Raspberry	1	–	–
	Others	Raspberry	1	–	–
New Zealand	Hort & Food Research Instit.	Raspberry	4	–	1
USA	Driscoll Strawberry Assoc. Inc.	Raspberry	4	–	–
	Washington State University	Raspberry	1	–	–
Switzerland	Promo Fruit Ltd	Raspberry	1	–	–
Canada	Le Jardin Fruitier	Blackberry	1	–	1
USA	Driscoll Strawberry Assoc. Inc.	Blackberry	3
USA	Michigan State University	Blueberry	3	3	–
Canada	Agriculture Canada	Cherry	17	14	–
	Saskatchewan/Guelph Univ.	Cherry	7	2	–
	Orchard/nursery/company	Cherry	1	–	–
Europe excl. UK	Orchard/nursery/company	Cherry	5	–	–
Canada	Agriculture Canada	Pear	4	3	–
	Orchard/nursery/company	Pear	1		1
UK	Orchard/nursery/company	Pear	1	1	–
Germany/NZ/Korea	Orchard/nursery/public	Pear	5	–	–
Canada	Agriculture Canada	Peach	2	2	–
	Guelph University	Peach	6	1	–
New Zealand	Hort & Food Research Instit.	Peach	2	–	–
Canada	Agriculture Canada	Apple	35	9	4
	Guelph University	Apple	5	3	2
	Nursery/orchard/company	Apple	5	2	–
New Zealand	Hort & Food Research Instit.	Apple	6	4	–
	Nursery/orchard/company	Apple	5	4	1
Australia	Dept. of Primary Industry	Apple	2	–	2
USA	Minesota University	Apple	3	1	–
	Nursery/orchard/company	Apple	9	4	3
UK	Nursery/orchard/company	Apple	7	–	7
Europe excl. UK	Nursery/orchard/company	Apple	8	1	1
Notes: ^1Includes applications/rights abandoned, withdrawn, surrendered, annulled, revoked, and rejected.
Source: Marshall. S. 2007. Canadian food inspection agency. Plant breeders' rights office.

Statistics Canada . February 2006 . Fruit and vegetable production. Catalogue No February , 22 – 003XIB .

 Google Scholar

Moore , A. 2007 . USDA, CSREES , Raspberry R&D expenditures in the United States .

 Google Scholar

Statistics Canada . 2007b . Raspberry trade between Canada and the , United States. CATS Database .

 Google Scholar

Marshall , S . 2007 . Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Plant Breeders' , Ottawa, Ontario : Rights Office .

 Google Scholar