Characterization of Pilot Scale Processed Canadian Organic Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) Juice Pressing Residues and Phenolic-Enriched Extractives

Figures & data

Table 1. Quality parameters and yields of organic cranberry and blueberry pomace and ethanol soluble extractives.

	Organic cranberry		Organic blueberry
Parameter	Pomace	80% soluble ethanol extractives	Pomace	80% soluble ethanol extractives
Soluble Solids (SS, °Brix)[% sugar content]^z	2.53 ± 0.06a[22.76 ± 0.492]	8.77 ± 0.66b[77.77 ± 0.522]	2.70 ± 0c[24.25 ± 0.024]	10.03 ± 0.58d[90.14 ± 0.532]
pH	2.74 ± 0.023a	2.28 ± 0.012b	3.64 ± 0.021c	2.81 ± 0.032d
Titratable Acidity (TA, %)
As citric acid	0.651 ± 0.043a	2.453 ± 0.02b	0.072 ± 0.02c	0.400 ± 0.01d
As malic acid	0.623 ± 0.042a	2.348 ± 0.02b	0.069 ± 0.02c	0.384 ± 0.01d
Yield (%)	14.47 ± 1.01a^y	0.699 ± 0.011b^x[4.83]^w	14.16 ± 1.43a^y	0.751 ± 0.002b^x[5.30]^w

Note. Values followed by different letters within rows are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 (LSD test).

^zDry matter basis.

^yCalculated as wet pomace mass/fresh berry mass × 100%.

^xCalculated as dried ethanol extractives/fresh berry mass × 100%.

^wCalculated as dried ethanol extractives/wet pomace × 100%.

Table 2. Chemical composition of organic cranberry and blueberry pomace and ethanol soluble extractives.

	Organic cranberry		Organic blueberry
Parameter	Pomace	80% ethanol soluble extractives	Pomace	80% ethanol soluble extractives
Moisture content (%)	68.37 ± 1.56a	na	63.61 ± 2.15a	Na
Total lipids^z (%)	4.41 ± 0.38a	3.86 ± 0.11a	5.43 ± 0.58b	4.44 ± 0.17a
Protein content^z (%)	5.76 ± 0.23a	0.60 ± 0.03c	8.41 ± 0.20b	0.45 ± 0.09c
Total carbohydrates^z,y (%)	88.78	94.75	84.91	93.95
Ash^z (%)	1.05 ± 0.59a	0.79 ± 0.1a	1.24 ± 1.03a	1.16 ± 0.62a

Note. Values followed by different letters within rows are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 (LSD test).

^zDry matter basis.

^yCalculated by difference 100% – [Moisture content (%) + Total lipids (%) + Protein content (%) + Ash (%)] and reported on dry matter basis.

Table 3. Ultimate analysis and mineral content of organic cranberry and blueberry pomace and ethanol soluble extractives.

Samples	C^z	H^z	O^z	N^z	Ca^z (%)	Mg^z (%)	K^z (%)	P^z (%)	B^z (ppm)	Zn^z(ppm)	Fe^z(ppm)	Mn^z (ppm)	Cu^z(ppm)
Organic cranberry pomace	50.69 ± 0.09a	6.88 ± 0.03a	45.86 ± 0.12a	0.92 ± 0.03a	0.05 ± 0.01a	0.04 ± 0.002a	0.24 ± 0.03ad	0.14 ± 0.01a	6.53 ± 0.27a	6.21 ± 0.28a	15.48 ± 0.64a	19.42 ± 0.76a	5.38 ± 0.02a
Organic cranberry 80% ethanol soluble extractives^x	46.18 ± 0.08b	6.39 ± 0.05b	49.87 ± 0.42b	0.1 ± 0.01c	0.013 ± 0.000b	0.019 ± 0.000b	0.21 ± 0.01cd	0.097 ± 0.003c	1.02 ± 0.09b	2.74 ± 0.17b	3.12 ± 0.12b	4.77 ± 0.15c	27.82 ± 0.37b
Organic blueberry pomace^y	50.55 ± 0.1a	6.62 ± 0.04c	43.87 ± 1.8c	1.35 ± 0.03b	0.25 ± 0.01c	0.05 ± 0.002c	0.25 ± 0.01a	0.15 ± 0.01b	11.09 ± 0.25c	10.42 ± 0.35c	20.67 ± 0.87c	291.21 ± 8.49b	7.7 ± 0.34c
Organic blueberry 80% ethanol soluble extractives^x	44.69 ± 0.07c	6.99 ± 0.05d	52.69 ± 0.25d	0.07 ± 0.01c	0.005 ± 0.000b	0.004 ± 0.000d	0.09 ± 0.003b	0.094 ± 0.003c	2.08 ± 0.1d	2.16 ± 0.14d	7.21 ± 0.92d	11.18 ± 0.31c	24.18 ± 0.42d

Note. Values followed by different letters within columns are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 (LSD test).

^zDry matter basis.

^yMn values were greater than standards and value was extrapolated; highest standard value was 5.5 ppm.

^xCu values are greater than standards and value was extrapolated; highest standard value was 0.6 ppm.

Table 4. Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of organic cranberry and blueberry pomace and ethanol soluble extractives.*

	Folin Ciocalteau method	Glories method				PVVP method tannin content	Antioxidant activity
Sample	Total phenolics (mg gallic acid eq./g	Total phenolics (mg gallic eq./g)	Tartaric esters (mg caffeic acid eq./g	Flavonols (mg quercetin eq./g)	Anthocyanins (mg cyanidin-3-glucoside eq./g)	Tannins mg gallic acid eq./g (%)	ABTS (µmol Trolox eq./g	FRAP (µmol Trolox eq./g
Organic cranberry pomace	24.87 ± 0.66a	12.99 ± 0.29a	2.77 ± 0.04a	3.08 ± 0.06a	4.46 ± 0.17a	21.86 ± 0.68a (87.9)	144.12 ± 5.41a	104.51 ± 3.52a
Organic cranberry 80% ethanol soluble extractives	54.35 ± 0.85b	36.25 ± 1.39b	10.29 ± 0.41b	11.74 ± 0.48b	11.14 ± 0.39b	48.09 ± 1.26b (88.5)	306.77 ± 10.67b	243.61 ± 5.11b
Organic blueberry pomace	31.13 ± 0.34c	24.17 ± 0.50c	5.35 ± 0.11c	6.17 ± 0.10c	17.41 ± 0.28c	24.24 ± 0.27c (77.9)	221.88 ± 9.42c	157.10 ± 9.82c
Organic blueberry 80% ethanol soluble extractives	72.01 ± 1.93d	55.67 ± 1.58d	15.03 ± 0.41d	18.34 ± 0.51d	38.53 ± 1.09d	58.87 ± 1.67d (81.7)	468.79 ± 11.64d	372.22 ± 9.01d

Note. Phenolic acids, tartaric esters, flavonols, and anthocyanins reported respectively as mg equivalents of gallic, caffeic acid, quercetin, or cyanidin-3-glucoside per gram of sample. PVPP = polyvinylpolypyrrolidone. Values followed by different letters within columns are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 (LSD test).

^*Dry matter basis.

Table 5. Anthocyanins of organic cranberry and blueberry pomace and ethanol soluble extractives.

			Anthocyanin T concentration
Peak #	Anthocyanin ID	Retention time (min)	Organic blueberry pomace (mg/g dw)	% of total anthocyanin peak areas	Organic blueberry 80% ethanol soluble extractives (mg/g dw)	% of total anthocyanin peak areas	Organic cranberry pomace (mg/g dw)	% of total anthocyanin peak areas	Organic cranberry 80% ethanol soluble extractives (mg/g dw)	% of total anthocyanin peak areas
1	Del 3-gal (9.046)^z	9.044	1.40 ± 0.03	8.72	2.12 ± 0.05	5.63	0.02 ± 0.00	0.38	0.04 ± 0.00	0.38
2	Del 3-glu (9.294)^z	9.305	1.16 ± 0.0.3	7.22	2.09 ± 0.06	5.56	—	—	—	—
3	Cy 3-gal (9.786)^z/Del 3-ara	9.734	1.51±0.03	9.36	2.82 ± 0.02	7.49	1.20 ± 0.13	25.31	2.05 ± 0.04	22.13
4	Cy 3-glu (10.050)^z,y	10.112	0.69 ± 0.02	4.27	1.67 ± 0.05	4.44	0.04 ± 0.01	0.86	0.10 ± 0.00	1.13
5	Pet 3-gal	10.201	0.95 ± 0.02	5.89	1.76 ± 0.04	4.69	0.02 ± 0.00	0.41	0.20 ± 0.00	2.11
6	Cy 3-ara	10.524	1.67 ± 0.03	10.36	3.66 ± 0.1	9.74	0.85 ± 0.09	17.90	1.47 ± 0.03	15.80
7	Pet 3-glu	10.978	0.54 ± 0.01	3.36	1.05 ± 0.01	2.80	—	—	0.07 ± 0.00	0.75
8	Peo 3-gal	11.054	0.27 ± 0.02	1.69	0.68 ± 0.03	1.80	1.58 ± 0.16	33.24	2.75 ± 0.04	29.71
9	Pet 3-ara	11.163	0.18 ± 0.00	1.15	0.43 ± 0.01	1.14	0.02 ± 0.00	0.51	0.15 ± 0.00	1.62
10	Peo 3-glu (11.441)^z/Mal 3-gal	11.367	2.22 ± 0.04	13.82	5.50 ± 0.17	14.62	0.17 ± 0.02	3.53	0.50 ± 0.00	5.38
11	Mal 3-glu (11.750)^z,y	11.713	1.83 ± 0.03	11.40	4.94 ± 0.16	13.13	—	—	0.09 ± 0.00	0.93
12	Peo 3-ara	11.862	0.19 ± 0.01	1.17	0.49 ± 0.01	1.31	0.68 ± 0.07	14.26	1.14 ± 0.02	12.34
13	UnkA	11.920	0.23 ± 0.00	1.44	0.65 ± 0.02	1.73	—	—	—	—
14	UnkB	12.081	0.07 ± 0.00	0.42	0.19 ± 0.01	0.49	—	—	—	—
15	Mal 3-ara	12.199	0.91 ± 0.02	5.68	2.33 ± 0.07	6.20	0.06 ± 0.01	1.34	0.13 ± 0.00	1.37
16	UnkC	12.483	0.21 ± 0.00	1.27	0.65 ± 0.02	1.73	—	—	—	—
17	UnkD	12.696	—	—	—	—	0.02 ± 0.00	0.44	0.18 ± 0.01	1.90
18	UnkE	12.868	—	—	—	—	0.02 ± 0.00	0.35	0.04 ± 0.00	0.45
19	UnkF	12.943	0.26 ± 0.00	1.64	0.84 ± 0.03	2.24	0.02 ± 0.00	0.36	0.03 ± 0.00	0.35
20	UnkG	13.154	0.09 ± 0.00	0.54	0.28 ± 0.01	0.75	—	—	0.04 ± 0.00	0.39
21	UnkH	13.262	0.28 ± 0.00	1.73	0.88 ± 0.03	2.35	0.02 ± 0.00	0.45	0.06 ± 0.00	0.64
22	UnkI	13.426	0.06 ± 0.00	0.37	0.21 ± 0.01	0.57	—	—	—	—
23	UnkJ	13.567	0.03 ± 0.00	0.18	0.13 ± 0.01	0.34	0.01 ± 0.00	0.15	0.06 ± 0.00	0.62
24	UnkK	13.708	0.43 ± 0.01	2.66	1.42 ± 0.05	3.77	—	—	—	—
25	UnkL	14.169	—	—	—	—	0.01 ± 0.00	0.32	0.06 ± 0.00	0.59
26	UnkM	14.344	0.17 ± 0.00	1.03	0.49 ± 0.03	1.30	—	—	0.03 ± 0.00	0.27
27	UnkN	14.538	0.74 ± 0.01	4.63	2.32 ± 0.13	6.17	0.01 ± 0.00	0.18	0.02 ± 0.00	0.24
28	UnkO	14.690	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.08 ± 0.00	0.89
	Total		16.08a	100.00	37.60b	100.00	4.75c	100.00	9.27d	100.00

Note. Values followed by different letters within rows are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 (LSD test). Abbreviations: Del 3-gal (Delphinidin 3-galactoside); Del 3-glu (Delphinidin 3-glucoside); Cy 3-gal (Cyanidin 3-galactoside); Del 3-ara (Delphinidin 3-arabinoside); Cy 3-glu (Cyanidin 3-glucoside); Pet 3-gal (Petunidin 3-galactoside); Cy 3-ara (Cyanidin 3-arabinoside); Pet 3-glu (Petunidin 3-glucoside); Peo 3-gal (Peonidin 3-galactoside); Pet 3-ara (Petunidin 3-arabinoside); Peo 3-glu (Peonidin 3-glucoside); Mal 3-gal (Malvidin 3-galactoside); Mal 3-glu (Malvidin 3-glucoside); Peo 3-ara (Peonidin 3-arabinoside); Mal 3-ara (Malvidin 3-arabinoside); Unk (unknown); — (not detected).

^zValue in parenthesis following anthocyanin is retention time in minutes for standards.

^yReque et al. (2014) reported that malvidin 3-glucoside co-eluted with delphinidin aglycone and cyanidin 3-glucoside co-eluted with malvidin 3,5-diglycoside.

Figure 1. Representative HPLC chromatogram for the: organic blueberry pomace (A); organic blueberry ethanol soluble extractives (B); organic cranberry pomace (C); and organic cranberry ethanol soluble extractives (D). Peak numbers and corresponding anthocyanin identities are defined in Table 5.

Figure 1. (Continued).

Figure 1. (Continued).

Reque, P.M., R.S. Steffens, A. Martins Da Silva, A. Jablonski, S.H. Flores, A.O. Rios, and E. Vogt de Jong. 2014. Characterization of blueberry fruits (Vaccinium spp.) and derived products. Food Sci. Technol. Campinas 34(4):773–779.

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