Bruise Damage of Pomegranate during Long-term Cold Storage: Susceptibility to Bruising and Changes in Textural Properties of Fruit

Figures & data

Figure 1. Bruise size of ‘Wonderful’ pomegranate fruit; (a) bruise volume (b) bruise area, and (c) bruise susceptibility at different drop impact energy levels; low (20 cm), medium (40 cm) and high (60 cm) during 3-months cold (5ºC) storage.0 = before storage (day 0), Dh = drop height (cm) and S = storage duration (months)

Table 1. Pearson correlation coefficients and p-values of bruise size – impact energy relationship fitted by simple linear regression

Storage duration (months)	BV – Ei		BA – Ei		BS – Ei
	r	p-value	r	p-value	r	p-value
0	0.934	0.0001	0.926	0.0002	−0.964	< 0.0001
1	0.928	0.0002	0.862	0.0014	−0.944	< 0.0001
2	0.971	< 0.0001	0.963	< 0.0001	−0.882	0.0008
3	0.934	0.0001	0.923	0.0002	−0.744	0.0108

P-values of all variables are statistically significant at p < 0.05. r = Pearson correlation coefficient; BV = bruise volume; BA = bruise area; BS = bruise susceptibility; Ei = impact energy.

Figure 2. Scatter pots for bruising of pomegranate fruit cv. Wonderful versus impact energy relationship for different storage durations; 0 = before storage (day 0); 1 = month one; 2 = month 2 and 3 = month 3 of cold storage; (a) bruise volume, (b) bruise area and (c) bruise susceptibility

Figure 3. Impact energy plotted against storage time at 5ºC for pomegranate fruit cv. Wonderful dropped at low (20 cm), medium (40 cm) and high (60 cm) drop heights ; 0 = before storage (day 0)

Figure 4. Puncture resistance for pomegranate fruit cv. Wonderful subjected to low (20 cm), medium (40 cm) and high (60 cm) drop impact bruising and evaluated for 12 weeks in cold (5 C) storage. Non-bruised fruit were included as control; 0 = before storage (day 0)

Figure 5. Changes in maximum cutting force, cutting energy and power for whole pomegranate fruit cv. Wonderful subjected to low (20 cm), medium (40 cm) and high (60 cm) drop impact bruising and evaluated for 12 weeks in cold (5ºC) storage. Non-bruised fruit were included as control; 0 = before storage (day 0)

Table 2. The compression strength properties for impact bruised pomegranate (cv. Wonderful) fruit during cold (5ºC) storage for 12 weeks

Storage duration (weeks)	Drop height (cm)	Firmness (N)	Compression energy (N mm)	Compression power (W)
0	Control	180.43 ± 6.10^ih	411.55 ± 11.67^ih	0.02 ± 0.00^ih
	20	176.30 ± 9.12^i	400.33 ± 5.76^i	0.02 ± 0.01^i
	40	170.88 ± 5.29^gi	395.16 ± 47.77^gi	0.02 ± 0.01^gi
	60	178.25 ± 0.50^ih	406.69 ± 5.01^ih	0.02 ± 0.00^ih
2	Control	184.34 ± 4.71^ih	470.56 ± 3.44^ih	0.02 ± 0.00^ih
	20	188.95 ± 6.21^i	458.63 ± 10.80^i	0.02 ± 0.00^i
	40	181.31 ± 7.61^gie	457.40 ± 8.62^gie	0.02 ± 0.00^gie
	60	201.09 ± 7.61^gif	460.04 ± 15.27^gif	0.02 ± 0.01^gif
4	Control	188.10 ± 6.09^gi	518.30 ± 46.63^gi	0.03 ± 0.01^gi
	20	189.06 ± 7.09^ih	488.64 ± 31.21^ih	0.02 ± 0.01^ih
	40	208.40 ± 6.18^gch	567.81 ± 30.70^gch	0.03 ± 0.00^gch
	60	218.91 ± 3.61^gic	558.84 ± 6.07^gic	0.03 ± 0.00^gic
6	Control	199.36 ± 13.67^gid	539.66 ± 5.70^gid	0.03 ± 0.01^gid
	20	210.56 ± 12.06^gic	535.14 ± 3.87^gic	0.03 ± 0.00^gic
	40	220.89 ± 10.13^a-f	657.32 ± 54.50^a-f	0.03 ± 0.00^a-f
	60	225.95 ± 8.98^a-e	606.70 ± 22.87^a-e	0.03 ± 0.01^a-e
8	Control	218.67 ± 3.50^gic	637.35 ± 5.59^gic	0.03 ± 0.00^gic
	20	214.74 ± 5.29^gid	615.53 ± 12.46^gid	0.03 ± 0.00^gid
	40	228.34 ± 27.64^a-d	673.59 ± 18.45^a-d	0.03 ± 0.01^a-d
	60	237.34 ± 13.02^ab	705.82 ± 27.71^ab	0.04 ± 0.00^ab
10	Control	215.36 ± 3.46^gch	611.13 ± 5.45^gch	0.03 ± 0.00^gch
	20	200.54 ± 5.64^gch	641.82 ± 56.46^gch	0.03 ± 0.00^gch
	40	245.65 ± 6.48^a-c	703.89 ± 9.92^a-c	0.04 ± 0.00^a-c
	60	240.31 ± 6.67^ab	727.78 ± 6.30 ^ab	0.04 ± 0.00^ab
12	Control	209.04 ± 3.07^gb	588.80 ± 49.72^gb	0.03 ± 0.01^gb
	20	205.20 ± 5.52^gb	568.90 ± 48.63^gb	0.03 ± 0.00^gb
	40	240.36 ± 5.47^ab	680.24 ± 21.00^ab	0.04 ± 0.00^ab
	60	231.13 ± 12.07^a	661.50 ± 6.04^a	0.04 ± 0.00^a
Significance level	Drop height (A)	<0.0001	0.003	0.003
	Storage duration (B)	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
	A × B	0.5632	0.8919	0.8919

Values are presented as mean ± standard error (SE). Means of each parameter followed by different letters across drop impact level and storage duration differs significantly (p < 0.05) according to Duncan’s multiple range test.

Table 3. Elastic modulus and energy at bioyield point of the force–deformation curves for compressed bruised pomegranate ‘Wonderful’ fruit during cold (5ºC) storage for 12 weeks

Storage duration (weeks)	Drop height (cm)	Elastic modulus (N/mm^2)	Bioyield energy (N mm)
0	Control	19.42 ± 1.01^ih	261.93 ± 9.65^ihe
	20	20.33 ± 1.11^i	226.22 ± 21.17^ih
	40	19.26 ± 1.64^gi	281.39 ± 9.36^gi
	60	18.12 ± 0.97^ih	272.51 ± 13.90^ih
2	Control	20.73 ± 1.90^ih	252.35 ± 61.14^ih
	20	22.24 ± 1.53^i	229.64 ± 63.95^i
	40	22.90 ± 2.14^gie	317.11 ± 17.31^gie
	60	23.79 ± 1.55^gif	300.03 ± 14.59^gif
4	Control	23.34 ± 1.50^gi	282.16 ± 3.89^gi
	20	24.12 ± 1.01^ih	270.40 ± 60.43^ih
	40	23.12 ± 2.06^gch	362.95 ± 83.28^gch
	60	25.68 ± 0.95^gic	350.95 ± 22.38^gic
6	Control	25.14 ± 1.90^gid	345.02 ± 10.38^gid
	20	28.85 ± 2.54^gic	347.32 ± 102.62^gic
	40	27.56 ± 1.64^a-f	422.17 ± 25.92^a-f
	60	27.92 ± 3.29^a-e	435.66 ± 9.53^a-e
8	Control	27.42 ± 1.80^gic	355.04 ± 45.45^gic
	20	29.14 ± 0.59^gid	345.27 ± 13.61^gid
	40	32.87 ± 2.31^a-d	448.52 ± 16.05^a-d
	60	30.43 ± 1.83^ab	496.90 ± 8.00^ab
10	Control	26.14 ± 1.71^gch	370.83 ± 9.10^gch
	20	27.83 ± 3.19^gch	368.26 ± 18.13^gch
	40	31.57 ± 1.53^a-c	475.19 ± 16.64^a-c
	60	31.14 ± 2.26^ab	505.29 ± 14.43^ab
12	Control	26.84 ± 1.65^gb	401.67 ± 53.63^gb
	20	25.92 ± 4.32^gb	405.87 ± 34.49^gb
	40	29.67 ± 2.83^ab	525.17 ± 13.60^ab
	60	30.14 ± 2.29^a	536.11 ± 28.39^a
Significance level	Drop height (A)	0.0684	<0.0001
	Storage duration (B)	<0.0001	<0.0001
	A × B	0.9559	0.9884

Values are presented as mean ± standard error (SE). Means of each parameter followed by different letters across drop impact level and storage duration differs significantly (p < 0.05) according to Duncan’s multiple range test.