The Infestation State and Reproduction Biology of Pomegranate Butterfly Virachola Livia (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Saharan Area of Algeria

Figures & data

Figure 1. Representative diagram of the sampling procedure

Table 1. Variation of a number of eggs and penetration holes of Virachola livia’s larvae according to the stations of study

Parameters	Station 1		Station 2		Total
	Nbr w	Nbr p	Nbr w	Nbr p	Nbr w	Nbr p
Minimum	1	1	1	1	1	1
Maximum	10	10	15	24	15	24
Mean	2.53	3.25	5.31	11.40	4.24	7.88
SD	2.18	2.13	2.94	5.01	2.99	5.70
CV%	86.48	65.56	55.30	43.93	70.52	72.37
Number of affected fruits	40	51	64	67	104	118
Percentage of damage (%)	53.33	68	85.33	89.33	69.33	78.67
t test for equal means	0.11248		<0.0001		<0.0001

Nbr W: number of eggs, Nbr p: number of penetration holes, SD: standard deviation, CV: coefficient of variation.

Figure 2. Number of eggs (Nbr.w.) and penetration holes (Nbr.p.) of larvae of Virachola livia per fruit in both stations

S1: station 1, S2: station 2

Table 2. Matrix of similarity between eggs and penetration holes number of V. livia on pomegranate tree in both stations of study. Values of Pearson’s correlation (r) under the diagonal and the values of probability (p) above the diagonal

	Nbr.w.S1	Nbr.p.S1	Nbr.w.S2	Nbr.p.S2
Nbr.w.S1	–	0.00000000597	0.079707	0.23925
Nbr.p.S1	0.61068	–	0.08639	0.23916
Nbr.w.S2	0.20364	0.19936	–	0.0000000595
Nbr.p.S2	0.13756	0.13758	0.57716	–

Nbr.: number, w.: eggs, p: penetration hole, S: station.

Table 3. Variation of eggs and penetration’s holes of Virachola livia’s larvae according to the directions

Parameters	North		South		Est		West		Center
	Nbr.w	Nbr.p	Nbr.w	Nbr.p	Nbr.w	Nbr.p	Nbr.w	Nbr.p	Nbr.w	Nbr.p
Minimum	1	2	1	3	1	1	2	3	1	4
Maximum	9	24	10	20	14	17	10	20	15	22
Mean	4.79	9.8	4.5	12.21	4.64	9.67	5.38	11.86	7.42	13.67
SD	2.01	5.17	2.07	4.49	3.59	4.70	2.18	4.04	4.03	6.15
CV%	41.93	52.77	45.92	36.78	77.33	48.59	40.5	34.04	54.38	45.03
Nbr aff fr	22	24	24	27	18	17	22	28	18	22
Percentage of damage	73.33	80	80	90	60	56.67	73.33	93.33	60	73.33
t test for equal means	0.002143		<0.00001		0.0092437		<0.00001		0.00753

Nbr.: number, w.: eggs, p: penetration hole, SD: standard deviation, CV: coefficient of variation, aff. fr.: affected fruits.

Figure 3. Variation of eggs (Nbr.w) and penetration holes (Nbr.p) of V. livia on pomegranates according to the directions

N: North, S: South, E: East, O: West, C: Center

Figure 4. Percentage of infestation of Viracola livia on the total pomegranate trees according to directions and development stage

Table 4. Morphometry of pupae and adults of Virachola livia.

			adults
	Pupae		male	female
Parameters	L (mm)	B.W. (mm)	L (mm)	L (mm)
Minimum	10	4	15	17
Maximum	12	5	19	21.4
Mean	11.29	4.75	16.24	19.58
SD	0.59	0.33	1.10	1.22

L: length, B.W.: big width, Min: minimum, Max: maximum, SD: standard deviation.

Table 5. Pupae stages duration, adult’s longevity, and fecundity of virgin females

		Longevity of adults (day)
Parameters	Pupae stages (day)	male	female	Fecundity (egg)
Minimum	5	4	8	7
Maximum	8	11	16	95
Mean	6.88	8.80	10.89	38.44
SD	1.25	2.95	2.52	29.86

Min: minimum, Max: maximum, SD: standard deviation.

Figure 5. Percentage of emergence and mortality of Virachola livia pupae according to the directions

N: North, S: South, E: East, W: West, C: Center

Figure 6. Pupae emergence percentage of Virachola livia inside and outside of fruits

N: North, S: South, E: East, W: West, C: Center