Enhanced Secondary Somatic Embryogenesis in Suspension Culture of Four Diploid Banana Cultivars from Kerala

Figures & data

Table 1. Influence of TDZ on embryogenic induction from bract explants of diploid banana cultivars

Hormone concentration (µM)				Average number of embryos formed after second subculture
		Matti	Sannachenkadali	Chingan	Njalipoovan
		(AA)	(AA)	(AB)	(AB)
TDZ	0.045	6.75 ± 0.36f	5.29 ± 0.18f	7.25 ± 0.52d	7.25 ± 0.52c
	0.135	7.13 ± 0.51f	4.89 ± 0.30f	10.50 ± 0.62b	6.00 ± 0.53c
	0.225	8.63 ± 0.26e	8.14 ± 0.26c	12.50 ± 1.11b	6.75 ± 0.59c
	0.36	11.00 ± 0.37d	7.44 ± 0.24d	12.75 ± 1.19b	8.50 ± 0.32c
	0.45	12.38 ± 0.18c	7.63 ± 0.18e	14.25 ± 1.12a	5.00 ± 0.75c
	1.35	12.38 ± 0.26c	7.75 ± 0.31de	13.75 ± 0.70a	8.50 ± 0.62b
	2.25	11.38 ± 0.26d	8.88 ± 0.12d	10.75 ± 0.36b	9.50 ± 1.05b
	3.6	14.75 ± 0.46b	12.25 ± 0.36b	8.50 ± 0.62c	11.25 ± 0.25a
	4.5	18.38 ± 0.18a	13.88 ± 0.35a	14.75 ± 1.19a	12.75 ± 0.64a
	9	7.13 ± 0.12f	8.50 ± 0.18d	7.25 ± 0.36c	8.50 ± 0.82b

Significance was determined by ANOVA: significant at P < .05.

SE = standard error; Data represent the mean of eight replication.

Table 2. Influence of additives with malt extract on the production of secondary somatic embryos in diploid Musa acuminata cultivars

	Concentration (µM)	Number of primary somatic embryos bearing secondary	Additives		Somatic embryos after fifth subculture
MS medium with	MA	SK	CH		NJ
	0.4	22.25 ± 0.59^e	24.00 ± 0.53^d	18.37 ± 0.90^d	18.00 ± 0.32^e
	1. 22	26.25 ± 0.59^d	25.25 ± 0.75^c	20.00 ± 1.01^c	20.12 ± 0.51^c
Biotin	2. 04	28.00 ± 0.75^b	25.25 ± 1.46^c	19.12 ± 1.17^cd	19.87 ± 0.66^d
ME	3. 27	27.25 ± 0.64^c	25.75 ± 0.70^c	20.00 ± 1.30^c	21.12 ± 0.89^bc
(100 mg/l)	4.09	44.25 ± 0.95^a	41.25 ± 0.99^b	22.75 ± 0.97^a	23.87 ± 1.07^b
	8.18	44.75 ± 1.19^a	46.12 ± 0.85^a	22.37 ± 0.73^b	25.00 ± 0.65^b
	12.27	38.50 ± 0.98^b	39.50 ± 0.50^b	25.37 ± 1.63^bc	31.12 ± 1.67^b
	16.37	30.75 ± 1.06^c	29.75 ± 0.59^c	34.62 ± 0.77^a	33.50 ± 0.96^a
	20.46	29.50 ± 1.11^cd	31.25 ± 0.64^c	26.62 ± 0.67^b	27.12 ± 1.43^b
Ascorbic acid	2.83	20.75 ± 0.45^cd	14.62 ± 0.73^c	16.50 ± 1.41^bc	10.87 ± 0.93^d
ME	4.54	24.00 ± 0.92^b	24.50 ± 0.37^a	17.00 ± 0.32^b	10.62 ± 0.86^d
(100 mg/l)	5.67	20.75 ± 1.98^cde	18.75 ± 0.52^b	19.12 ± 0.29^a	18.06 ± 1.05^a
	11.35	27.00 ± 0.65^a	15.25 ± 0.64^c	15.50 ± 0.26^bc	12.50 ± 0.37^bcd
	17.03	23.37 ± 0.46^c	15.37 ± 0.77^c	15.50 ± 0.73^bc	12.12 ± 0.74^bcd
	22.71	19.12 ± 0.47^e	14.62 ± 0.80^c	13.37 ± 0.32^d	11.37 ± 0.92^cd
	28.38	21.87 ± 0.22^cd	15.25 ± 0.67^c	14.00 ± 0.70^cd	13.02 ± 0.56^b
	0.68	20.62 ± 0.92^de	18.12 ± 0.91^e	21.87 ± 0.58^cd	17.25 ± 0.94^d
Glutamine	2. 05	22.75 ± 0.36^cd	18.25 ± 0.94^e	20.00 ± 1.06^d	18.87 ± 1.25^bcd
ME	3.42	23.12 ± 0.69^c	19.50± 0.94^de	19.75 ± 0.59^d	16.50 ± 0.94^d
(100 mg/l)	5.47	33.37 ± 0.49^a	24.37 ± 1.05^c	22.12 ± 0.35^cd	20.75 ± 0.75^bc
	6.84	27.37 ± 0.67^b	38.12 ± 0.63^a	25.75 ± 0.67^b	16.37 ± 0.41^d
	13.68	20.00 ± 0.65^e	29.50 ± 0.86^b	33.37 ± 0.41^a	21.87 ± 1.05^ab
	20.52	19.75 ± 1.27^e	21.12 ± 0.39^d	23.62 ± 2.05^bc	24.56 ± 0.53^a
	27.36	23.25 ± 0.36^c	19.50 ± 0.77^de	21.00 ± 1.30^cd	18.87 ± 1.20^bcd
	34.21	18.62 ± 1.17^e	21.12 ± 0.76^d	19.75 ± 1.04^d	18.37 ± 1.40^cd

Significance was determined by ANOVA: significant at P < .05.

SE = standard error; Data represent the mean of eight replication.

MA – Marti, SK – Sannachenkadali, CH – Chingan, NJ – Njalipoova, ME – malt extract.

Figure 1. (a) Calli forming from male immature banana flowers. (b) Round or oval-shaped viable single cells observed during the initial stages of cell suspension. (c) Formation of somatic embryos at various stages of development. (d) Culture in liquid medium containing globular somatic embryos. € Green shoot development from the embryo. (f) Secondary somatic embryos appearing as small protuberances on the surface of primary somatic embryos